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airot e aiaat aka aaRRwa aen«?%ii to?t #taR®ia, a^Rwa, TOifaroa e 


•MRwia a^Ra Raa*t®t a^TOa :TOat® ai^R*? to® aw afa, '5t a»o^"ii RR4; Raa caaa 
R6feaa aro^ ^ai. a%a TOTO^tro ftR ^roR ct® to i anaar TOiwa ajl^M ai®a 
toi® ■pfjTO ca® aitaa fiaa^lfw Rw toRi aR wia TO1OT3 'Slatia tot TOTtaa® i a^Ra 




to 33®R«eH 

®ii*w ®33-®t^3 ®i33i 3i$ic® ’ll® 3t, I'to’jOTic® 'wwat 3*tt®f ®rptfr® *11® 1 ‘9Bt3i at3i®3 Rsh^cti 

3*3c 4 «iwitn«5 ®B 1 45i®fe »iMwa 3pwg® i!it 3 ®%® «n,»wi3 mm 1 

33®®*»tc33 Pit®® ^pna spj^bi $*j1$ 3t$ : d>®f®33 ■ft ®gj ®i® ®t3, 3t9$ *51 ®ts 

95I*]WJ $^ 313, $335 ■ftelw ^j®%f 5133113 C3IC3, ^>MWt ®C3 '■ItelW 3*|C$ ^J®% 

i9®31*® C3C® 'SHjJdlf's 3J3 *9131 313, C9MI33 C3*13 s^telM 3*1® ®G1, >II3W®1 4 I*oIm 31®!® *§£3 
3113* S®ltR 3®C® 5C3 ®MOT3 33®R«IC3« Ml®® spirit ®Hl® 5C3 1 i9$33 3^3 $«I<C33 ^t3 
®1® ®3C5 3i®ftejlc« '9lR*"y® ftsi9M® I 

3*tl4R«M *93733 *9®fi> SFf$ 313®® 3®®3 : 33®®3S13 31 tfc *31331 3*53 313*11 31® ®3t® 31® I 3*1 
®C3 (5*®f ®3t® 33, 3*13*1 3 ll fe® 33, ^^®l® 33, #l®tt97[%®®H *9 *93 ®3*5 *91®il3 3f*l®t® 3*lt® 
3131C® 53 33®®*Ht3 ®1 *9t9tt93 ®®C3 31C® I <9® *9131193 3*33IC3* $*?®s 3*C3 333®**513%3 ®3*H 

3*il4Rwh ®131C33 34C9®9 ®3C® C3313 : 39®®®T3 3lws 3131C3 31331 *9191593 33t3®*1 ®9®1 ^®1 
3*3C® 31® I #®t3 3®® 3*9i®9® 34c®>F*t®3t®53, 33®®95|3 31ci®1 31331 ®13C® 31® I 

i.« csfanift 

Physical quantities 

*9 csl® ®3C® 31 ®*1, 3®3I3 3*31 313 ®1C® 31331 31® 3® I C333 C®1313 913533 C®P3*3 i®fj 3®313 
3*31313,13^1 43*ft31®l C®1313 C9553 ®3 3®9t3®3t313,®3 i9®ft> 31® I *5®®®^ 953 3®59*9t5 
C9$ 333 3131 313, 333 <93*® 31® I *3® 3® i9®fS 5?c® $353 $fcfs, ®I359 3*®?^ ®l*f 3*3W ®1 
3®3I3 3*31 313, *5®3ft ®l® >93*® 31® I >9 5®)® *995® 9f3 9g 31® *9155 1 >9*1 3^1 31®3 9597 913 
®59®f$ 31® ®155 C3ttC3t 3®913 ®35® *937 C®1531 31®3 915197 3CS1W9 53 3tl <9 sl® 4 Jt3l C3l®3* 31® I 
C993 ©5*®3 ?*ffj 9735® C3C3 C®99 9135*1? 559 1 9 Wll 91313 7337 *937 C®1531 31® 9135® 53 91 

31 *331 C3*1t3l 31®3 315I3T 93®13 53 31 1 9®3l5 t9% i9®f$ C9l®® 31® I *999®5® ®53®f$ 31® 5J?1 
*533 C3 9®9 31® *9(55 C9*IC9l 9135® 5C3 *997 31®3 93®t3 53 1 C333 ®13l3 99*5 3®313 3*3C® 559 *9® 
3® ®1313®3 '93t'9l3®9 3®313®3C® 513 >935 ®3C® *9t3®9 ®C3 ®I3 ®Gt 33*5 C33 ®3C® 5C3 *31313 
®13®3 313C® 559 ?*®7, SW to $*9®l 313C® 5C3 ®4t5 f$99!3 91 f$9®5® J7®7 313C® 559 1 9®3K, 
5941 9t5^ 31® *9155, C3»JC3I ^9 31®i i9*ptl *997 31®3 $33 ®$3 ®C3 3t I 3I®*JC3IC® 

C3t®® 31® 33t 53 I 

■5®9k C3 3®3 31® ^1?t3 ® ®3C3® C3*|1P11 *331 31®3 $33 ®$3 ®C3 31 ®S5 *33 jH) 31® *9133 $33 
®$3 ®13 ®IW3C® C3l®® 31® 3C3 I ®13 ®®1C33 3®3 'll® 33M13 313-CWC33 C5C3I ®S5I®31 i953 



aiPfw otOw aiPlfta <tac.ni i ■a’pat acat (i) Wij (a) ®a («) aaa (8) 'swalat («•) 
staia (&) iiMa «lj'4i « (a) aait^a aRaM i 

«na«wj aaa dipt callaa aif*ittai caw ai® 8wat laaafaa catfaas aif*ia ^upa at wwa 

caw a%aiaa ^ai <iw i ^caaw aat aa aa aiPt at cWa aif*t i 

*ja>aft ca aw atPt c5rH*w aif*ta ®as I^Sa ^ca at catf®ias aiPt caw ats wt aia wtaw aa aif*t 
acai 

caa, ^a, aa, aa®, ®w, ^ffeaftsa aa>jif*i aiPi’pat calfta aiFta^a caw ai® aat ala aca '9’flpita’a 


aa - ®a x ^aa 


^saR, aa 4afi> a*t atPt i 

5 .8 aQaicaa 

Units of measurements 

aiaiwa taaftia @aw aia af%fi> -aneta aw ara-osKaa aaaiafS mf^as i a aj?ts ataaaia 
arc® srcaraa aa ata-c®rcaa i aiarcaa JaaPaa #acaa at ata-c®rcaa faaaitiw aai aa afaata i 
ataiaawa alaaM aaw aana wlwi fa^s alaaN fa*fa aat i caaa, la^aalfe csw^aa^a'? 700 
fiffiia i carcaa cataaa caw 5 lacataw bia taw ®iaa i faaiajpa ptwafaa^w caw 50 caw® aaa 
alca i iqatca 700 faSH acat alfe caw aaop afiNa i 5 farcaSla acat fata ®tat arcaa ®caa afaaia 
<aai 50 caw® apir waa aftaia i wrcat afilata aaw aca ®tarcaa ijSffi ISiRcaa srcat®a 
aa i a«ait ®ta ^afi> uiaas i 

cawiwi afaarcaa ®ai acsraa icrafi! asrsi^ at ®ia ,< f afaatcaa aia area aptat arca afstaia aait aia i 
aBarcaa <4$ ®M afiaw w aai aa aBattaa laa^i ataaattata, wrcat atfotfca^i 4f5fEia i ■aarea 
faBia acat ?artia aaa <aaa 1 falls aaw f^ icralt la^t ®rca i aia atf&a ta^j 4 fSffiia aaw ’jatta 
aiiSfDa 2a^i 1 Wicaa 4 ®fti aas.ana'sa, caa, ®a,aa,af^,'5taal3ii > staia ^jiW ataia ®ar 
iaa^ acaca i 4 ^asa^car 4aaasica a*a( acaca arw 4^cai aa ^aar^w ^Wlcaa *aa^ 
aaweafSa s ®Tca®i*P5aaiaaa ! ataia i tflaswaaaaaffiat^iaift'jcat'ataia aa^ia i 



aaitfoSsH 


4aa1t (si)-4a c$)1*fc : 

catPraatPia ■aip^i^ caca'j.'aai laaa'jwia ®aa Wa aea at , 'sit ca)fta> ■aa'a twaw Raisa aait 
5® i cat Rtiscaa ata'C's aca i >aa ! ra^ft 6af»i4!7« awe® aea i caaa 416 

ac® aea 'aafaa'St- »tta, aaa, 'TiaT wtcat fas^a 8aa fa^ waea at i wtcaa faa'tea at «tai wteat 
arjlaw alaa'tcaa a*ea <sa wtcat afaa'ta aca at i w 4awf6 aatt area i i960 aiw 

isawa «ii'w4iR> < p ?t*ia aaa calR*? >a<pa»|taia ca anat at Mitel'S aaa wat acaRa aaa^taac 5 ! 
®acai$ ZaPtaSisjcai at&aa aewi 4eaa atcaa^cata «nat aaa «wt aetici?, R^vj ®re® ^aa^ww atcaa 
wtcat aSs'fi aaft i caaa <saa attcata 'aRaw 'ja's laea R6isw aasifS® wat aa, ®ta ®tc s t 44 s 
swta attwta ®4»i?actja aiatcat filBtcaa aa® casat aw i 'srats attea aitfiieaa Rats juicac® aw 
44*16 ae$a taSijca RBtcaa anat aat aw i l^es «ii"s<ril^a ’wtf'sc® ialRa 44w*iwta star atcaa 
^jf)® aifrf ataiwai awt i 


Zattis iaaa ISBta i’^apaiwaipn — 


- taiaes ca^aa 'afaaa a*ea ®tw 1 laBta (n 


®eaa iaaa facaistw : jptcaa aitoac® t'vlsajMah eeaBa 4® ca^taea afa® atfBaia-tfafeila aaaa 
475a Z® i§ isaffi ISiPtetcaa ®aw l ftcatata (kg) aw i at PiPtotsIBa aita 3.9 cm 4aeS®®t 3.9 cm i 


aaeaa aaa cacaw ; aaft lafeaw - 133 aaat^a 9 1 92 63 1 77016 ’•faa’P'tg a*ae® caaaaatw 
®tw l caw® (s) aw i 

®waisita 44w caafea : atfaa Zaa la^a 'swarata wmw l wafea (K) aw i 

®f$a states >aaa atjiPaata : ^awtw 1 faBta aaeaj waf^t® <a^ta Zaetia 444 ®aca%i ^staia 
swe^eaa ^f6 aatwtw aaa alSaitla ac®wfBc® ca aSatt aata aaw aa^tcaa acar al% fttia 

6at%2xio _7 1^aaa««.^aa 'steal aitPaaia (A)awi 

^Ha 'Sgata aaa artroat -. aitcsat aw cat afsiaH ^Ha 'fig'at al calcat atwia ®aa ^af6 ftftfa) 
law 540 xio 12 ai^ awte^a ^aa att Rfasa lasaaa aw 4a3. >t RR5 faw ®ta RR*sa 'ol^>oi aw 

si® (.xlcaRan aawtea — ^— aai6 1 
683 

aaic^a aSalcaa 4aa caia : ca aRai-i aatc^ 0.012 facaatia aata- 12 <a aaai^a aaia 
aaatas atafaas ?£R6 (caaa asal^, 'a^. ansa, tc»i<f£a twjiR at 4«pna RW epical tit) aiw 'stw 


l cata 



£ftft<P3tft8' 


51ft 

5lPB3^ 



b (length) 

l 

ft6t5 (meter) 

m 

5. *85 (mass) 

m 

ft£*1ttll5 (kilogram) 

kg 

*»• 555 (time) 

t 

(second) 

* 

8. ** 1*1*1141 (temperature) 

0 ,r 

<.s»i(wn (kelvin) 

K 

<?. 3515 (electric current) 

! f j 

*37lftl313 (ampere) 

A 

8. ft33 ©tg<51 (luminous intensity) 

/, 

< P)k'w*1l (candela) 

Cd 

3. 3315*13 3ft513 (amount of substance) 

n 

CTW (mole) 

mol 


44>£4*8 ’JR'0<P 8 S’biFl's* 

«|{pW 355 £3lft^ 444*1£3I3 8*JK*t 51 3ft^3* 3)5513 3*51 ^ft*HGH4 55 1 333 4^fl> 5lf*l3 5H t3 3? 
51 sp £51© 55, t53*( Ru>s ■nlst'li'e 3ft*5 $ V M’)WI t3? duilw?lii 55 I Snks'H^fl 55531 5ft ■ql'slt-ns 
*jSJ© *535 53)3*13 *33*5 ftt3531 5#, *St5£3 £3ft£34t*j3t5t3©£3l6l4f63OT 0.000 00001 m I 
*l53t 3ft 3t3 313 4^'33*t]f6t amis 5#, 'S15J3 '5WW5 515515 3t3*£*5 5£3 3ft C^53 3k*us 55*01 
ft3*5£®T $1.55 *531 5C3ft ft 15 !!? R*"S? *5$ 5*?0flj|t5$ 3ft *153t 45*51 ©3**ft 515515 *5131 ftft, ^15CT 
0.000 00001 m 55* 53£*St ft33 0.01 pm, 45K5 ‘p’ (316533) ©3’ftf© 10' 6 ftlft*! 3*£3 I 045RWS 
5ft 5ft 5milOT5 55ftft® ft*JI5 ©55155 £3*1783 55T51 2000 000 000 W I 46115* 5ft 511551 2000 x 
10 6 W = 2000 MW ftPTC5 3*13 5ft *815PI *jft31 55 I 45*5*JP!15 ^ 5CT5 ^5155 ftffll® 
©8 5 ft*tPlt 4l''sdtl1'SS‘ alOftt*® amis ^"Wifi's I 



©531*1* 

WP8 

6*5553 

4*1 (exa) 

10 18 

E 

1 4*lft©13 = 1 Em= 10 l8 m 

CfSt (petal 

10 15 

P 

1 C36lft6l5 - lPm=10 l5 m 

<651 (tent) 

10 12 

T 

1 <651315 - 1 Tg= 10 12 g 

ft3t (giga) 

10 9 

G 

1 ft*t!3l©6 - 1 GB= 10 9 B 

£5*11 (mega) 

10 6 

M 

1 £5318516 = 1 MW=10 6 W 

ftPIt (kilo) 

10 3 

k 

1 ft*£3lCBl6 - 1 kV^lO 3 V 

£5&t (hecto) 

10 ; 

h 

l£5£6l^l- lhJ-lO 2 .! 

£®3*t (deca) 

10 1 

da 

1 tn»«|ft©6H - 1 daN=10' N 

£®ft (deci) 

10 1 

d 

i£®ft85= idn=io-'n 

£3ft> (centi) 

10- 2 

li 

1 £5ftft6l3- 1 cm= 10' 2 m 




•|fl®3/*3lP®3 

h*? I 9953® 

$31333 

f3f3 (milli) 

I0‘ 3 

m 

1 fofaqjlPHiita = 1 mA= 10 3 A 

91©5a*t (micro) 

Iff 6 

p 

1 >il$wplc®rt> =1 fiV= 10 6 V 

33531 (nano) 

Iff 9 

n 

1 335315353*® * 1 ns=10 ~ 9 s 

f*159t (pico) 

Iff 12 

P 

1 P153SW331® =1 pF= 10 12 F 

5TF3551 (femto) 

Iff 15 

f 

1 5®355lf3tl3 = 1 fin=10 “ 15 m 

'3551 (atto) 

Iff 18 

a 

1 9561391? - 1 aW=10 18 W 


531531 3®0153 10 >33 HIWIMI 31® >331 1 5353* 10 ->33 353T 'TIB 3®tlla 5prj3 %353 33*13 Wt 353 
'BIOT ?3®lf3a* 3*113* 353 I 5333 6733000000 3531 6.733x10’ >935 0.00000846 3531 8.46 xlO -6 1 
*58313 5331 315*3 PI >3 m$U.<p SPP|f»|'® 3®0lfl>3 10 ->93 93l'ST9* 5>3* 9*5, 3 4 lR<i> Rajp* *513(^53 
'6'4V|3 93153 ^3 'It'SBt 319 1 *313 10 >33 "Ml®!® ^9® 9*5 R**353 3WRW *S*5 33 93IF1 

*j3 33>ITlfE 31331 313 1 

c^wlR"? d>sl (.<)■ Sf^lpp® 3WH3 5^531 ’pi? fi(.*|l>s 313133 P>«3lt 915$ : 

10 m x ltf‘ = 10“ +1 ‘ 

>33113 m >333 n pippImI 993)1 - 31 9HI'ai < P 35® 3153 1 

5993 10 6 x 10 7 = 10 13 , 10 7 xl0‘ 2o =10 13 
®1539 5^5318 Rig® R33I6 353WI 

^■ = 10 " + 10 “ = 10 "" 

5993 10 6 + 10 4 = 10 2 9U0 3 + Iff 7 =10 3 ‘ < - 7) = 10 10 

i.ff TOt 

Dimensions 

3(1331 ?5'®I>I59T c«p<R PI, 533531 OBI'S 3lf*t >33 31 >93lft® 59tf*t® 3lf"l9 33*353 Util'S | 3®313 53 
533531 OBI'S SlPt53 Rf%g 59533 (power) >99* 31 >93lf93 59tf39* 3lf*l3 33»W %953 3333 *331 313 I 
53*15=31 OBI'S atPt5® $9f^t® 53IR3 alPPplBl 59353 aiPlIDa 3133 353 I 

5993,^1- ®3x ' 59 't -®3x^j - 'BB x I >93153 t35<bs 3H1 L , 33313 301 M, 33533 901 T 
33153 3533 3133 31831 3153 ^1 MLT 7 *9<il9, 9PIB 35953 ®03 901 (l),?35%90t (1) >99199593 

301 (-2) I 53153t3lf 5 l990tftltf99*35®^'il9'®*lS)[ ] 9)9319 33(193 I 5333 <533 301 [F] = MLT 2 
©953 9f*f® Rl3f6 531^3 3lPt 23^1, *53 e 333 9hj>l 39>H j 59lfa3 9l(-I95C4.9 301 3531 : 




wit i, Raa 'Slavsis mm wit j 


'mamma mm wif 0 ( mt®a ®m mma o ) , 'sffea aaiws mm 
lamamt&iafamtaamm wit n i 
mm Rtsataa matta rniaat tmttmaiiimaamm^mamfSmmmTn^mat® aifa i Sniaaam^a 


■n51*pflH(^ fataeai mat mm i rniaat wifa tmaams ajm$ mi'Sla atf"ia tma, RwH m mam mta i ^mart 
armfit mitmataa afef? mi ma*n$ >am$ wl'ftn slfitm Rmfa mat® wi, af®l? ataa mm >aa^ 
waata i imaa Tatars mitmataRafii aamtta, •ftRtm laasfil <am whftom i ^mitmata 
swtwt, <aammi 



a wit '$H, aia mm^- = LT 2 


caatattm ®atat$ •’iJlmscaa alafntma aafiis mm l amw Rtm« ataammsii 
^®aR, mflmaaf? i 

S.'S) sfSfa « >1^16 

Scientific symbols and notations 

am wi mtm aaRfa®itaa 'sim wa affi® i aaRfmsitaa ’ja’pmtm mmat mataa® aiRRm mitmaa 
mtrnita amta mta atR i <? i$ ^ai at mitmaatm rnitm mftta am4R®i%n RR>| mpm mnaia mci 
aitma i ma mm RI»^ aiPia at amtma mm Rlmg mtm® « spStm ataw asj 
amtma 'srt>^t%m maf^ mpaa mta i aaRRsstat aa, tataatat Rata 
trnitmrnmamrna?aRmamat®Rta«iwmM amtma ml'®^lf'4m a^af® aiaj,® 
aimcma mtm® « RR>^ aiPia aw taata maj a^atta Rtm-J mafe ai^aaa mar 


® I ®W515Plf$® 5*1 44C4S £454 5H1®I4 ^54 few 341*1 5*51 w I PPR15S15 / £554® (RDlS 
af% £354® metre per second) Wms 1 %S 341*1 45155555 l 

8 I Sffta^n £355?5 3lt'lf®4 34H, Wltil 4«i4“5 |3 (abbreviations) 35, 4lt«K5 wltis ^TtcW 
£4153l5%fi>^4t'tE?t J i>3 ( full stop (.) ] sjsyo 55 3! I 

<f I aiwps •'tcw's PHI 55 £3l®t '=H’fcs) (Roman type) PPR Rul£55 (metre) 5RT m, wt««« ®3T 
s ?®Jlft I £41531 fflpur 3?54® %I5® 55 ; %41 ^554 ( italic type) PPR ®555 (mass) ®RT m, 35535 
(displacement) ®RJ s ?®)|R I 4$ W 51%! 3t54® « 444 PR15 555 4153 555 £4R ®1515 £4R 
5^ (font) 313515 45155555,415® 145515 4153 311 

® I 4454S 3t54® £5)5 5)5®3 5555 (lower case) PHI 55 (PR3 "m", "s", "mol'') I ®53 PI 55=5 
444 5J%5 313 £354 £3'831 5£553 £3^5315 3t54® PRI5 555 (4® 5T(.aa 553) 4? 5I5®3 5555 5f 
333 445 (i£|5!|f55S afKss £4531) 5? 5J5®5 5355 553 1 £533 PtiSDws 313133153 444 R$1j3 

553 N 431 V I1I 5 5“IW5 313133153 444 553 Pa I ®53 ^Blt 444 13353 33*1® £5f& 5J5®3 5355 

553 £555 newton 5) pascal I 

8 I <5 WPS ®55<i 4s*ts‘s$ 555 15515 45 3154® 4<pcs>s 3153 t'slpil tfl5 5JIJ® ^ 55 I £555 km-4 
k, MW 4 M, GHz-4 G I 45lf*r5 *555*1 ^•ji.slR'o 55 £555 ppF5533t, 553 pF I 
frl%531 (10 3 ) 43£5553®343®33<i3® 5IWS 5355 553 1 

b I 4s>ts>s 3?54® ^5313 43531 SjfS&i 55 51 1 £555 "25 kg", 553, R>"^ "25 kgs" 553311 

io I WIWI 3513 51 £41 M I Pflfifa 444 51 35D1 5 4515 s ■$? 5I?W PHI (line-break) 315513 5i5T 

iSfS® I sp 355153 5P1 3H3 5 444£4 ®13 451 PTC® 3155 (line-break) I 

Measuring instruments 

fiftlS P43 

531’pMIui t5^J 3031535 335553 555 5*55 5531 f5ftl5 P43 I 45 23^1 1 15?I5 51 100 mFWGIs I 
4®5J 454 Rais P43 331 53 I 4$ P4P15 45 s 515 wFCRDls 455 555 515 $0*5® 5H 55?1 3154 I 
35®J4 piR>Rtlsc.s> 55R 55 ®1Pt ®13 451 3154 1 4t 35®14 ®1354 551 55 1 RRRtls 51 0. 1 
C4ftfif5l5l 35®J4^ts> 33I1 41? ®I3, 55 ®I3 51 £5lP1t ®153 ®W 451 55 I 
■fS|t!l5 P4PI5 5RJPIJ dRUM : IsliSlS P4P15 515IP0 £5 5® 51 4lf^5 Z5^J 5HC® 555 ®15 44at*® 
P4PI5 0 51P1 51 C41P5 ^515154 51P1 4IM5 4s t® 5£5 1 5t®5 455 31P® P4PI5 £5 5IC55 51P1 
Rt5£% ®|5 5li %® 5£5 I 5C®5 ^ 3|P®5 51£&5 ls£Sl'1<l»l 5PI1 5£®5 I 5151554155 £5 55®5 





aMc® aca ®ta ala ap'5 pwi* x aW ^Ifla -ma sR ®1a SW y *ikHa aW fe“l ^TRl ®ts 
’TOSat'rflZ =y-x\ ^ </a , ias *IIAIW1 RPlRtW a^“5 Mi afl<rel<.<i <tMI <rt« I W o>ts ^ a13>IM 
Wt® V*1 <!HtM ?3I®SS -BlffiM PS*I I 

®R«W P?*r 

' 3 rr*TBt c t fSftlBJ P?PI ? 1 S 3 t PlPlfttM a^® SIMM <tl§ I RPlfitlWW ®*| 1 '?t (W 0.2 ftWthl, 0.6 
RiWRitM at 0.8 RWSis t®Jtfa awes apt «rpitwa <nato ?ai® as dWaia p?a i # 1 ® aiasRa 
Piww aRaia ca pa»t «ilR'?h! wa i 'fta ataHjalM 4 paw ala ®lRsla pa»t i 



■fSar = 


^t pww ®ic*m ®sjW“ia R^»t ’’ifstsiw aiar^s p?w aw ca calS^ia wfl> pwajaais 
aar as ®ia ats ®iRaia pwi ®iRaia p?aw Rtia ww aita aisaia aw RRRticss 
aft?®Kaf®Rs?stsis i 

*Rata p?*rqast asia paw awa^ aw arc*, asia p?c*m arsRwaflrcaat cascaaarcst 
ala i sat aw, wit ®iPfata p?t*r a*ift ®ia ?w ®at wit aw aatt ww i ^ a*t ®ta asia paw 
asft ^p®a ®twa asia (fiat : b.j) i aats p?w salt ^£®s ®ta spii 9 ftRftUis at 0.9 
ptRSRSto i ®iPfaiap?pia io®wcac^aaia p?w9^p®a®tPlaaaRi ^®atc®iPfatap?w 
®w*|Ptt asia ■paw ai3?s ®wa cks aisHT cstfei asia ww ^®a w ®wa cats ®Rsw 
paw W ®W *rat^ calt ®ta afitSTSW ast aa ®lf%la aa? (Vernier Constant) i aw atsw® 
VC cast aa i wft asst ^st alat ®Rata sw Rfa sail ala ®t acat, ®Rala 5?? = - castes s 
asia p?w l ’ijt»a wipi* £s^j wt« ®iR*icas »itSs asait i 
S’lwh® c?tai 5 = 1 RR Wii = l0al i l 

.•. alRalasa? ■ — ■ 1 |^ - 0.1 Rft - 0.01 esft 

csscst csacat ssa ®tRsia pswi 20 ®w asia p?pia i9’^®a®twaaia aw wswta ww 
w ^®a ®M l mm - w ®ca ?s aw i ®aa ®tRaia aSal^® acaaia i ®tRata 5a? Wa 
aw aaia p?a a ®tRaia pawt ata aatta taf*Wia taa 1 




>8 a>ll4ftwll 

jt$® aitftaiA 

jft® atiftaitfa waa aw 'aiftaia atlftatf i ataa 3$ acat ataralpla caata 'stftaia aatfe aja 
aa i 3aft aiiroai* t*ifs area area aw cac5 jit® <wiftaiifo ^a at aaw paa fcsfa ^ai 55 
P^PB! PJ aireBlajaWa>tSt atrew#t ca 3W5 ptre C^aPta *p«t1 5® Pit atres JrefS VI'S® 
alWlial atrei ^a L-xri’K ■"fcU'aii clia* «l|N£ifl ft^a aft»,lc3B WWI ^a P^Pta ait® uliila^ 
caflt paw aaicai aire i 3aww$ «iftiiifl pawi (fei : i.a) i 



f&ar « 


3$ tbltla^ Blffula SIW WM ®aa *iWW at caaPt »M1CHI HIS I 3$ P^Pta W1PI 3Wft> ^atrei 
3^ ^a atarcat oiPTuis ww aaw (."»(.•« 311® Mwiwi wnwia aii>R*m aw ala i aaw p^pi a 
®taw aavalftala p^caa esiaw aaa cart atre wi wtataa'a aiffwa pwpta Tar aw aaw p^pta 
lat aiPta wire ftprata i oiffaia p^a *u<wji< wca fiftRuiuw -nlWoit/! wat ala i 
®aca asiftaia paw aftww afts Sana aft® 4ilftaic*ia 'stftata gaa ft<fa ^ aa i 
jn$« ayiftaiPfa awaj afitota : apt waiare, catptt 3wffi area frrtt caaaareacai itfteaji^ 
wtiftatttfa csiaw a,$fl>a aiawiw wr*w aare aa i 'siftaia pwm atw awicat cstaw cipi aww «mw 
aa ate® aaw p«)><.a* ®tata « wiRsiuts ®iaw Ralta fta cap? aca i aaffitaawaws 
aaw pwpta fa (0) aipta wire Rftc« 'siftataffi aww at caaca aftca area wa atresa atca ftaical 
aai wpr^at atw, area aw aws m fitft aw aftwa <?«« i wiaca 3a Zafj M a(A/+7) 
fift 3a atatwifti i 3^ A/ftft -3a era atsftt ?a^j asiPfata ajaata wta caa ware aca i 3a ta^ajt 
aca 'stftata ati i 

3ata pWe« aca 'oiRaiu™ caw awft aaw papta catpit 3af?atPia wiwfltPKai aft catcat aw at 
ftpt atca, »twi caat® aca atftatBia caw awft aaw papia catcat 3aft atpla atPt aatrai 
ataiaift acaca i wtftata papia 3t awt aPtwftatcaa’WTOa 

awaatata.’siftatcaa Kw*aaawffi aaw papia 3affiatptawtptftpicaataia)aiftatacai ^aan 

ac«3a aiftaia aaa KCaPt 

itsaJft- aaw paa ati + 'stftata paa ati 


nil 



[P3»i3i4 + wPta ■ 


'Qfc.L^M+VxVC 

$31333 : 931 313», 3C«* fl OP'S 8313 C*<K33 12 mm 319 aft® 1 ! TOW >991 etPfolOW 7 919ft 

S913 t'wis <9®ft iM« 31W 15™ I <el v*i 9C®3 3C3 

L -12 mm + 7 xO.l mm (Blftt1!3 $?Ff 9J9t 0.1 mm) 

- 12.7mm - 1.27cm 

3913 p^otscshh*! ■iro.'siRiiis c"k»is cbi9Pi 3'93 c»rc9 snw <599 319139<5 ®iRuis ^(.rai i pj 9ft 
a*rH ® "pi 31199 ®tw 15Jt*T ®t3 i eiw^ 3G'® 318 ftros area i ®93 39 ®® ®C9 nift®^ ®ft 
3OTC5 W <93 a 5 !! ’ll!! ’WIPH ®G1 ftl£9S '55 I 

^c*Hr 

<9$ Jjc-^s •ntalc.'jj <olcss 311®t^, 33;®lB83®JPlft e C9)? ?9fj ffiftTf 9*31 313 I <9P9 stress 

^$ft 'Hl-osl’i 9 I 3 RR 9 ! U GP9 9*lili*il F (ft® s 5.<o) I 



ft®:i.» 


<93 <9? 91J3 W4*l ftft A >93 3tW <9936 RSI's®! gf'sftPT® 9® 91 'ft'W 59lS)®l£9 9fft99C3t 313TO <999 
afS slot's 9Ut« <9936 ^191 3*1 C I <9t 319 3E3C3 ftftft6tC3 fffllftPS <9®ft R39 P^9 <997. <9sfft 
cwl^l%9 tjft T fUR'e <9Wffi^l ^f6 ■#19199 C <93 f%^3 ■vara fid I C999PJ% 1jPl T 

<93 Retail"? Rt9l33'5 50 31 100 «I9 99H 33 I ^3 3tsll B 333 stllfil #t®W 31 5WS3 dl-'oRM 9« A 
9®3 WH ^sl'Pls C*WM ’Jpj 9ft p^£93 >537 3tPl3 RtC9 ftt9 313 I <93^9 R9s®13 ’3$ft 

PWBI "531 3ft 3ft ftlW 31 313 '513PI 3C3 3lf*®3! ®ft 3CTO I 

lift T <99'9t9 'aalc-1 <93 R'stj^ 933 93? <997.63ft9! P^9 33133 C3 69% <9ft ^Gt '51W 33133 

^3 ftl5 (Pitch) I ^Ms wis 31® <931 <SPt 331C3 - <93 SIP'S 31 ^ft 3'S^3£3 fUR '51W 331 33 
3P9S3 9ft& 333 (Least Count) I <9£® LCftJB 3313 W 33 I 3G933 ft&t® ^51913 c.'-wra R99JI 
3131 ^13 ^3£3 9ft& 333 31S31 313 I ^(5317, 




ire '■hl4Rwh 

mm = 0.01 mm I 

100 

*1 rtw* ’iwot ’iftHw : c’rrerawsjH’ir'rcrew^TC’r mres 355 css wre sis retires » b 4a 
■snw*iw^aw5!Hi reHST»trefl> wreiM’si’Hwcre vs st» 4s <sre SH/i wia^wa *imb 
crererfrecsi 4SBt ^sreis re Zste pwis sii 'fare vs i wr ml <tii>, Jafare cwcres *(fc L mm w 
^rel«pl* (.•’■wis aH ’WCt Cl Jj.'ssk, wluw «uh St ■Hk'os 'Jg^ vi : 

tBS = ZsteC^SSli + ^rel'pls I'vtui ’BM’ftSJ! x ste’t'H 


t : SFI ^St SW, 2stet«re»T*lti 3 mm 4SI PVW rert’WtJt20, W relws <UW 


SW S*H ’Pres sIHsRWl "HS A TO WH f5lW <? 
StWS tetter St SIS rewrite® VA SlterenJSstStSI *93’ 


PIS "HI KW <iR £sRre c^Ptis 
i ni teSss vstes ss i 


win I wltil res? *til4R««h St n-nliiti «isrere sHiM StRim <w jj^'oIci <mk® 5?, St ’IWM‘1 

ter W sis st i s*ss at •Wtt&r Sfttet ’re ss vs rets res stews vre vs rere i 

asres 4sft ^sf scat ^tr s*® at SJWW i 4$ s*st »mi<R*h e sstss sjtaw'SRw crettstres 
fStteis res ^st Stefls rest stay® 55 1 stss •uhisUB st ill'rel'llw wlt.il ftttets res 



ggpffgsapt is 

5t*g ft%5 gt®i ^$ft 55 R ■'ifflp, ® p 2 ft%g ^Satt 1 ® «tiw (ftg : i.s) i g$ *tBt 
a®ft 5l®5 5tS ab gs ij$ at?® ^(6 5WJ Wiwi <Mt*M ®*I5 ^f5 55 R 'wp® yfws 
5151153 5|31t5t 5l£5 l .4B5CS5 C^JJS 35(6 Ijjl (knife) silERwi CTS5t55 1 aftfo55fo5 i '55'5a 5l£® I 

ab a^ft ®3*5 3fi*ti 515 p-35 t£*ia awt 55 1 at 5t5ffi 45*® ’iitWH (CO — 
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5SR) I 455 ^j5 5151131 s-gfCw £5£®R* 55(1 55 I 31*11 513lt3 5£5J 3®fi> fost W 5® ifENW 
5*3*| 5I®3 H ^fo5 ®ilP5 HNIMI 515 I 

5® AB-W ft® 55WW 3®fl! fllt®MI^I4 WITCHt *115155 £5lt»1 ft®5t taltffos 3$ 515tl 315fl>5 fost 
5t®5 §*15 tagfo® 3®ll> ®I1C*(I> C3tS5 ®*I5 51t® I fogt> 5®*® ®*1£5 '5fK5 5® AB taltt 5 ® 

*ll3t53 55. f^SlW W3SI5 5*15 ^TC* *153 1 

^n«roS 5 55 WW a®fi> a*gt ( po ) wjt ft®Gt taifcffos gg Ra>s 35 si«4t® a®fi> c»®tg5 

®*I5 5151 55 I 15315® 51®£3 ^5£®3 3(J. 31*® 0 5TC35 ®*I5 5tt® I 533 5% (Aft) 

« 3ltl®W5 RtbS *$5 3I5I£31 5®fo3* «H*J£fll® -551 55 ! 5153 1 l* J gfDt4 g®fTi ®l£55 5£3( 5151 55 I 
^1t 5t"g5 3I5IC3J *lfil5M : ^11 5"gf5 33<5IC5S 555 5t®3 H \|5C5 5igfo® ®*l£5 &&1C® 555, 35® 
AB a'Kfo ®*t£5 355 ?fS5 (Vitals ®*I5 »(«ol(.5 ijat® 5t®£5 1 5t®5 31t5 *|®t 'jlfo ®*t£5 fos 

Iflt® 5151C5 1 53®3 ftiSfofc® >jjilw 515 fos £3£5 51t5 3555® AB e 51S15 £5133 5**1 5£5 5tt5 I 

ab 5 ® ijat® grow ^js® •♦I'GifS foss ®*I5 isicg 5iw ^it® gigw i *®T5 ts'iwi (%R5 5t 
gtgiw jjb^fDs C 5 W 5 ww 'pj gwtg ■^•nw’nm 5^51 gft ciph ipj' i !tc*t3 ^iict 51515 5t5Pi 
AB 5W*s ^ *5155 5(5*55 ^ (55) 5151 355®TC5 5 ( 5*55 5cs fo® 5C5 51C® ^5W5 (.hhi c-**pc«1ta *J5T 
PtPlg I^HIH 5(515 55 I 515 P ©5*5 5151 fo 51 555 C55t ML 5151 C3C5 fo® 55 I 
MIMI 555 5 ( (bjRcj( 5 ®5 5t*K® 515 55jfogs 515fo5?t *(ig15 5151® 55 35*1515 fow *1(515 3®5l 
ggsSt 5SC5 ®R1 5fS515t %5 fta) 5151® 55 gU’H 51 J 3 )>s>rC t*q>(,5S ^pl 5R*I5 ^ *1K*t5T5R®Tt5^’K® 
51C5I 3®K5 ®W 51S5I5I5 555 JPIJ 5555 ®5 f5^5 5151 515 I 

5(55 5J53R *lfo(TC*15 ®5T 5151 5ffe (Stop watch) 535515 5*5t 55 1 3*H 5l5t 5f® ^ 55155 5t5 
5tC®i f'hfa'GW 5(51 31^ 35* 35PP1 515t 5% I 35Ppt slI5t 5^5 ®t5 (%feOW 5151 5f^ 5W5 f^I *1li 
£55 1 35ffi 351*1*1 5I5t 5f® C551C5±0.1s *rt”5fo^1®t£5*tlifo® *(l£5 C331C5 3®f? ISfeDW 5151 5f^ 
±0.01 s *rt*® 5(fos®lc5 *tli fo® *1l£5 I «tl&Si|3 l±(e(Dl3 5% 35*£3tafo"ie 51515%51£5 I 
CtalWI 5155 *tfon*1 ^5£® 5P1 5f®l? 5W fo5 ®5C® 55 35* W WP® 55 I 3C® 555 5155K55 
*ltrfi 3®(? gfs 5W «n£5, 51 ®5*tfF 3® Mtwas 35ft 5®5® ®*(1*3 I 5fte gft 5lf^ C5C® 5Jf^C® 



i.V 

Error and accuracy in measurement 

aa aKmcaa 9®R ^Ist wits i aia?.® awaatRi 9® afSPstsw a®®lsi ®aa aftsitaa R>4a®i 

R^a ®d 1 aat aw, 9®R RRia ewa caPDREw o cafRf5H>iM9 saswt (RRRGim) aw ®ftt wit? 1 
9t REia paw ?iat aR wisst <9$ atRa ls% awe® ait ®i?ts ®at®a ast®i 0.1 cm (p®taa ^p®s 
9®®W) aR® at R^a sc® aid 1 aR c®icai seas stat as ®tsta R4a®i ssc®i wtdt ®ts ana 1 
®taa ewaR ®ts®aia aaaa dts Wii awe® ata 1 at®i®aia cwwa asp an*®a waww catatt® 
RfO® <m® ata 1 <aa ®ta aRaitaa ^taa ®ta wiae cats? ana 1 w<fw '?a seal? asnasi ^Ri ana 1 
aRattaa R^wi aRaitaa at®it 1 tr®sk aa aft®t®st $ft® ®ia sfftwia ®ai®taa west 
®ai®taa Rs^a®ia aRaia ©ts® san 1 >95 at -9a ta^j ast®i 26.0 cm ±0.1 cm pwt cat® aita 1 
ate®® ± 9a w4 scat ca, at 9a a^® <Rtj 25.9 cm e 26.1 cm -9a ataratstsi 0.1 cm spii 
aRatcaa aR-t>«®i anujt 1 

aRaitaa caaisatsisw®!®® sstsaisRatsit® atta 1 9ttatacsi : 

(®) tsai^R 

(®)atRai®;ajE 

<a)ai%a®?[ffi 

(®) ?sa ijR : c®ttsi 9®R 3a aiPt sns®ata aRaia ®sta ca ;?Ra aaata aRata^® aita waiaspu caat 
ata ®tt® ?sa ijR ata 1 Rsa* ata cat®t ^att ais 9t mR a*n^ wnat w^ats ®at aia at 9as 9t 
igRa a®iiR® aw ata > pT 1 cawaiaRata^® aia^wtaRwattaa 9R® caR® t®’®®®na «n®d 9 aa 
9 ®t a*aa Rts 9 ®t alRa an aiaaia aRata ®sta 9 ijR^tais ®? ala ’jaj awt ©R® 1 ataa ts^j 
alata war a®atat Rtia pawR atsa catatt® c®ai as ®®aist taa ijJ© aRattaa w*®^ as 1 
ac®waia fs©ia p®a c®ata aa asp ait 1 ®? wawta f&ft® ®aBt waj catatt® ca aw caeat as, ®t 
af®aw cat®f®sSiaists ai casta cassias 1 9 t aitaa aita faRta aaa wiais fatis p®aR war?a 
®aa wtae 9 ®R taa ^ aRalta 9 ta aia 1 9 aitaa ana Raitaia aaa® cwwfSa ca?taa aa® 
awtat altaa R^R a^ta at ca?ta faaltaT?si taa^Ra wr^®i»® wawa?at®Tw®j*® caPtat ta 
®a ?ta cat® aid 1 taa 13RW 9 ^itai aaia aa 1 a®^®t wawwa ®ad 9 t 13R ®ftd wiat 

aia 1 taa ^Rtw ’wfata wiat® ata afaaiaft aiaaia Rd 9taaa?Rt®aa 1 
(a) aiRmas njt : aai^Rwta aStwta waj ®at aw-csntaa wai wwttaa awisa ataiwa as 1 cat 
atws aR ^R aid 5 ®it® aiRaw tjR ata 1 caaa saiRatiR aftwa 3^1 wica aR aaia cwtaa fa 
aw wta oiRais cwda '^ai aw Rta at aia ®i?ta at 1 ® aRaia aR® ata ati 9ti aiRsw mRi 
c®aR®itawriRtia® diRfaRtaa ^RtaRatwaa cwtaa ^paiaaitaRtaat ait® ®iaca cat ataae 



bis 

ij)S 'atw i "jja 'atca a? atftaw mfS ft*!* toi ftc® 531 1 ®taaa at^s at& ah a? at& fttsia 
aca ays ati caa <p«t® aa 1 

(«l) mj? : aSl^aa aaa ®twiwa atatfta ai& ftc® 35 1 a^ca’acaat Reas ^taw atcfc ca tjfl! 
■atca ®tta ati^a® tjfi; aca 1 aft atfcaa>ca>a ijftia wut atca 'staca att& ^aacai a&a^wa 
’ 3 a 3 'tH, caacat aw caat 31 aaaia wa ca tsj? aa caveat's at%a® tjjft 1 caaa cwcaa alatcaj 
wiwT area Wij ataia aaa area 3™ cwcaa wa atwa atw fin« ®t awstca at caw aft 
RiWoIm caai as ®kca atci ijf® aca 1 arasf? ^swa cwcaa a>®»>( , bw 2 aft^ cwcaa 
atw ftcaca pftt dare aft ^1 as ®iaca atcfc ^sa 'ataca 1 ftaat catarea cataaata ftfeta aaa cawa 
aWit ftfot ^a aatw affo cataa tW ataat atca at 1 ■aaat aj&'te tjffi 1 is$ aaa mf? >j? aatta aaa 
ataatca aataastca ati ftre aa 1 


awft ataBpfta a^a ‘saft ^jc&a retaaa a a*?a ataaa f*fta 1 
teaar :ztt®aatftaft awiaascaa^afafila^at 

^ar ■. c*m«w acar canret a^ja <jc&a afaata 1 '5tiacatcata’d5caWtaaaaasca®tca i Pt$a*?a'aia®a 
aw 1 reicat «na®taaa a*?a caacat ^t&a caatwa^ isa^awsa raca, 

A =LxB (1.1) 

aw V-L xBxH (1.2) 

atatta, L = a^pt ?a^i 


sit® ^ttftatctfa atatcar caretcat tartta ati ft^tss jjs : 

Za^i = aaia cwa at& (M) + Btftaia aaai®a ( V) x ®tftata ua^ ( VO 

«i<JtaiatBat/f= M+ vxvc 

ipijaift : ztl'5'^itftaft, 4iia®aia a 1 ? 1 



’■Mhflfs’ash 

s. sit® -HifSMrtIB tei <sa aiH pwia ■’tjj'sii jfp ' sips to w ' siftata pm*is cait >8151 waajt 
w w »w asa i isaaa <r«fCs wiRsia ijaa 1 ( VC) caa ^a 1 

a. awa sawawta a^jf&w aataa Bit® ^jiPmii^w ^ csiaiw atai "IPH ^ca caiala 

a^ja 13$ aic*®a atw ^ars 1 <st waia siPfaltaa ftt art aaia pasw ca aN ®iR>#a 
^ta.pttaiwaai&tapnaaia pasa aii mi 

«. <9t wroi «iRaicaa as® w aw aan paw cawtcai ^asft atpta wiw fata ala ®? ft*fa 

asa 1 <af6 oiPfais aaai®a V 1 

8. •qj-vplut'p Za^J aalaa a>caa>fi! '=i<Hlc.'< aPiwi ^ <3 o-R d&sls ’jasl^lw asa 31*5 aHtfial 
acasaamaaii 

<t. daaa sw aalaa Bit® aaifaait^ia cwaitaa atar ’araa s?ta aS*aia *ui+ 

amwia aii ate isavaca* ^naa asa 1 

®. <saia a^^ft ®wt aalaa Bit® aaiPMicfa cstattaa atai *aiaa asta * « « at a&ata ^taa* 
atiwia aifcara 'aa^acas^naaasai 

a. atawta ftaitaa aiattai a*?fl5a Wij, a»t e $a>'si f^^a ^ta (l.i) <aat (l. 2) a51<wsta ®t 
aPrea , aia®^ta a^fDa >swfi> sjt&a c+ia<pa ® a^^fta <als®a fa<fa w 1 

ai'i-wiwa aa 

®ififata 5^ Wa : 

aaw P'puto ■syj'oa NCSA ala, s — cm 

®lf5fala paw cats ®ia at*nr, n = ..... 

.'. ®lRal« ijaas, VC = — = . cm 

a. al«'oa>la Za^J, 8*1 a Swaif^tsaa? 







iVlh 3 <PR|<P*I : 

'»ilsi'= < pls 3*^3 43! ^jt&R fFapW, A = LxB = cm 2 = x 10 ‘ 4 m 2 

43*.'5tt3'S3, V-LxBxH = cm 3 = xl0" 6 m 3 

J.3 

43^^51*83 sWi^uRPi# witas swit^tus c^appi ft4si 
®Wir : ^?tei 3J3313 ’RSI '5TC33 333 I 

^31 : 3JRt C3 i l£Rt 3>S>3 y&3 <#3131 l-Wiil wluis 5P3 <isl<ia Rt£St «n~q'»lc.<i C53 4lwi 

C3 'SR Rlwf 313 ista R&siMt 305 SMWPIfl C’FSPPRI C«PlMl ^SWsl SPRWlfiPl® 'SIMS 8P*tW£33 
C’P«fi<(»i A 3£R 

A=m? 

431£3, r = "sluts <uW^ 


71 = 3.14 iS?Rt?0t 

433 <sIuhi 3JIR d 3£R r = d/2, : 553l3 



J »)£*!)« *16 f*Mfal3 ^3 : 


= ?sf^ crsr Rti (£) + ^awia o*wwi ®w ’wot (O x Rf3& 333 (£0 
= L + CXLC 
3"3t*ttl% '5131 

>. 3313 £3^3* pww ’£ < a'S3 3£33 313 3 ^Hs txpiRS Plfi> ®13 R83JI P1C3 *36 I 
3. ‘43*13 3C43 PlS f&fa -S3 I ^Sl<«3 P^R R^j4 4^313 ^jOPI 4fl> j3t*W P^R 33133 PI Wfo 
3>£3 'Sft 5P3 31*313 1% I PlSCT ^eWI3 £*4033 Pill) 'SIR R«3Jt 1*tal Wt 3R3 Rft& 333 
(LC) £33 3*31 

O. 433 3Sl3'l%1 '4|3n>£3> £*1£®|3 »tlft *35 « ^3 313I3IP1 £3£3 J^fDw 4-4R-4 33133 UpltS #I*W 3 

33EPP '3IR£'5|'SR3 ®IC33 *tl£3 »rf 3*313 I 



•WtfRWH 


8. W*I1H Zafta 5 PI HHlf® ^sl<pla &»wwi OTSt TO Pit HtPla H1& ilW liaf? 
Zaft^ c^pt sii (I) i isata west p^wawpr'HaHM Zaft^paswastFlaPilw fires 

CHI? I <9f6 5PH ^el<p|a PHresa i SM PWOt (Q I 

«. a'srea 'diwsi '5|«*'4 %fl> 1%g ammia aft fata w i 

«>. awnei^la fVireas >m.ic<u wan hjp? caa area (1.3) aSl^aw aPres waa a*renicna wwa 

fl*aa*i 

^pfaflwa't’P 

Zafta t>4i”is iff* «IWH HR, s = mm 

^®WBI P^Fia CTflJ «M PUSH, n = 

pp c^ssrapisj c^pt ai^aia *garea Zaf^a 1 t>sres ct Zh^j afas>»i area). 






4. sjMlnR stfl 

4f&4 Scsli!*! 3t53 154 (V) ft? 3to 
>1 C4B|H>I3 4^ 54 33R 4533 ? 

(4) SJWP (3) 4I?3>5i?h 

(*I) 3I3W54I'£ (3) 3l$iwi<irf 

^ I 53143 413 314 5354 njt-Hw? 

(4) 43^H 3*3J 3^[ (3) ^13 5*5J 3^[ 

(3) 454|*a 313 3^ (4)33354141 

«l Rtl>3 54lift c,4)R<p slR 33? 

(4) 43 (3) 413 

(3) 4l43 3313 (3) 3315% 3(S<il*1 

8 1 34f5 Tits 1 Zl5® 41lPl3l5*l 3313533 33 53 3t& 31031 C*I®I 41 35«5 33B <?43 31& 4 cm, 4llXsl3 
433143 7 43l»lRill3 334 0.1 mm I 34fi>3 ?3%44? 

(4) 4.07 cm (3) 4.7 cm 

(3) 4.07ram (3) 4.7 mm 

Ru>fl 16iS 5354 <t 43*4>3’33 35*|3 5^3310 : 



<fl 3ftlffi341343 

(4) j*r 5 (3) ^m 3 

(3) ^nr 5 (3) nr 3 

3s I 4 0 3 ftrai3 4134533 43314 : 


(4) 1:0.673 
(3) 1:0.763 


0.0673 

0.637 




*8 aa$R®H 

a. Stfl 

areaa aaa aar war oasa faca caPtias taaf area aaa caPmfijs taaf 1 1.73cm I ssia a 1 *! 
T®faaaa <st afaara afta* are are® areai areaa aaa ca is$ aa*afataareaasaia aHataarea 
^pa caorca i 'slat H^casa ^rea caw Pwa* ®reaa o.oos cm »iRais ^a^RPii «iP!siia 
oa*a ajaaia aaro aacaa i areaa «iRala o^caaaftrearaH^ta^jalaaTaasaa i 
as. wiPfaia jjaa* #t? 

a. castcatatftaaRaHsraaaasac® awa* acsien sa caa ? 

a. ajajss «iWaia c*acaa aai «M aaia aareaa a»4 «icaa aaia H*ia aa i 

a. areawa aaa taaf aHata afSas aHareaa area Ha at aa^rea Ha i 


a. atataaa?( 

i i anaai caa aaHHwa a^a- <a a“tc<6 iaaf6 aHtaaa asai asa i 

%i “ f%a*w^tc® aaHRwwa Raiaasa , ®0a% at5” - Saiaaaaa laaaacas^afe i 

sal (as) aif% aacw aptia ? 

(a) calHasaiPpa a'aatPtaacaraHasiHrta^i i 
si (a 5 ) iaa>t"«i a , a(«c's apm casia atPrea* talHa* atPt aat acsta ? 

(a) ^aaaalHa saascasa ala asa i 
<t i ann aac® ^at ? 



MOTION 



hUfll '«l*jftkTfi els i 1k3 V'J 3*^ £3ft, C’»r*ic.*il 33 fcl3 3133 ’it^Hl*'. I ffc|% 'Q 3% <ww 3l3c*i ^ 3^1? 
i3^1U 3(^3 31^3 ?<l“l$J3^k SPFICT3 3333 313t£33 3l$ RI«*J 3Hf*f3 3C3W3 33 I *2$ *WJ1£3 

, ql*Jfl! 3fe 3Wl"® Rf&jj 3lPT, 'SlCIfl 3T3T, 43*3*. vslt^fl 3*0333 3kHl23 3*3^ ^\d>|R f^3 'ailOTloil ^33 1 ] 


■3$ ^33tS 3& C3C3 *0331- 

i. fctfe « 31% 331331 3531® 3133 I 

3. 33331 3l%3 3£33 3|4 <m <Mi« 3133 I 

«. £5^313 S 1^*3 31^331331331^5 3133 I 

8. 3% ■nHPta 3lf a t3iJ£33 3£33 3ls^1^3* ■'iH-^ ft£333 «p?k,'d 3133 I 

<t . 313lft3 « 3$"»K3 3 I ?"5 3*?B 3fe 331331 33 M 3133 1 

b. OT3f§C3|3 3IW33 314 3“lRfo dlPW^Mj! 3WJ 3 *3< ftKI33 35TC® 3133 1 

3. «H3H33 wl3C3 3f%3 3®13®33^I ^3P5 31313 1 



3il4R«sh 

Rest and motion 

43*55: c®T5i3 *^5141413? >ot 3133 «i4i3c4i4 41531 wic® 3133141313 * 5155 43*541 * 5 ® 3® 
34 c®wa ®®ls®i'* csroa 44i 313 1313 44j, f4"^ <a jw 4i53t *$i58 4®4 43*53 
Wile'S 3133 "ft I 5f3l5 43*54 who's 1415 SSCTW^WSW 14141 1414 1413 ®14 44 i|t3 I 
41115? 1435 48*414 ®4 ©4 WFTt 31131 4151148 3415? 81551 4141 31 3*5 *TCSt ®14 513 *115 

hlthlT 44lf433t <K®s 43*54 ©*f3 43T53 I 1353, 3® 54T53 1 'shls 31415 13? WPP 141513 *^*t 
3? ®14 i ftlflliiftiM ijt3, 41415 8)®5 48*414 RI%4»|18 5*11 31131 3.48R 415H45 4ll"13ll*t, 
4WIW8 5515 31*1515, 4151145 141331 3? ^%®f5*5I 141141 ®^ 43*54 Rl>rl 4515 

44T 4151143 44© fa*ll4 1*15 3EI ®14 451 ^ f4<114 41551 3® 35®t 1^5t '415 C5 ^5 

3*^5 5114 ^Ht 415 41551 44J3 y $3 55*115, M®, 3® ^wilR R*f? 4114 3® 34W| 4©I15I I 
4151155 ^®415141 41551 13141131 fciji4 3443 ®PH 351® *11® I ®3®®$ $414813 41551 451 ft’>11<P 
3441 14^3314 515415 I 

®1® S 3® : 41551 4151143 5133113 4144 3*^ 14® I 4OT5 414t»|13t 1*15 5lft^t*l1 3®%1 I 41515 
4153t©43 5 3®^t5 5*? 3314 #1 3®t f 

| ©14 45 : 3)4 ®18 .3^81 455 315 313 I 

43148 41133113 ^ 4115? 411331133 3*^5*11313 ^1515 43153 45*5155 141141 3®8'?4 31^®*? 5t I 
141513 511® 415 5141 4*1155 4It33tI33 31414 5*? 1555 141515 ®3I3, d>®3, 141515 5$ , 4141, 5155 
5541, WHM 48©>3, 1414 18 ? 4*1155 ■54® RR$ *J?55 4 ®4 4TR I 4^14 141515 4*1153 51531133 
44I13J 3*J3 '53413 51 511314 141513 4*1153 45*115 R©«5 I 45143 5114 435®8 45*5155 3©8®4 
31^ 4t I 415515® 31®3lfl|t45 511314 4*15® 1^15 I 415 <5>14©S ®t3 4t413 < 8 ? 3T>41©? 3W ®t® I 
543R, 55185 3®3®143 5114 3lfS3tl?3 411314 545 141151 3*J3 45*5153 3©3®4 5tS 51 445 £ 
8*^14 1*3®^l3 31 1*13 3*5 3P1 1 413 8 ? 43*54 43®3®4 314114 3P1 1*1® I 
4® 31*513 3H4 4ll^ui 4115 1 15 51515, 3331®, 3153151 ?3'I#4^ffi, ?«j|R 55f*15 Allies 4115 1 
15 145 3 441 315 ? 4154 4®3 514 8? 545 5*? 45188 5114 43*5158 3®3'Sh 4315 51 1 
|~©14 45 ! 141515 51W 515 4141 3»w1tl4 3|®4 15®4 5tgI4 414 I | 

4H33H45 3*^'jl5l8 '55518 45158 43*5155 14H51 3®3'ih 5W f^? 445 45158 411*131135 31414® 
5*5 1414 45158 ^5 3151 ®4 45134 3(55^5 51^ I 55185 5114 4*T5®5 45*5155 3§4^5 5K?I 41531 
5® 3I®31®145 511314F 455® 3®^® I 55185 3®5®158 5K4 3I®3H^3 511314 545 C4H5I 5^5 
45*5155 3®4®1 51t> 445 4114 3®%1 5 1 ? 5P1 1 41345*5155 31 4®4St555t5H4515 3® I 



«rfsj*n aitat «iicaiMl sasft csacai a*? ftia at aft%i ®t wat saw a*j ^osn sa®i ^fatat s?a 
satt ®5]a 1 >at saw a*? « aiwibt <p?a sisailift aaana aft aataa atta wtfsiaft® atw 
®Rta aitaisj ab^ftw saw a*§a aitsw ftaa aat vi 1 «iTtatw aa$ •e saw a 1 ? aft'flaftftta* 
■as*? caw sat® anas aiwia ft*”? aatss aw aaia^t 'jst^s wttat sfift£aai>taat, afta 
sKfsat’f a*$f6 aft^ft 1 sa*® ajcaa waats ^ a^ aft ataiaft ata area*, ®ta isawtaa aicscw 
aawtas a<Hicas wttat sfta^a aa at 1 ^®sft aat cat® aits ^■vwws aicstw aarea ftia 1 ft 5 "? 
aft dja atStas aita ftfjtcat wttat ajft ®tttaw cacaa ®ta ftft eaataa ®ia atcatw it aS aa^a 
aawtcaa aftfta aw 1 aftt aittaa atta ftsitat ajfta attach ®iat 5»«? aft%i \ 

®tata waai caat® atf^ ca, wttai a>j s^®aw ftta ft at ®t ft£s a=ata saw a^^a ®aa 1 saw 
a*? aft s^®aw ftia aa ®iata ®ia aitaw ca a 1 ? ftift^ft stata cae s^®aw ftia 1 4 aataa 
aawtw warn aaa ftlft aat® aift 1 aftt saw a>^fS aft saafttftt® aita s ®tata$cs ! itata :r s5®ia 
aMtT ftta ama ca aaa fftft%taat cat® aita 1 ca^a aaa ftift%i saw a^a aitaw 
caatai a*ssa aftw aiaat aaa aft aft 1 ft^ 4 aatftta >saa caatai saw a^ swat a«a aa at 
s^®aw ftta atata 1 aaaa ^iftft sftfta® ■^rta siaftw iata, <513 aa, tsaaa ftta atatata 
aft^ft 1 •nt®'? waat aaa cwtai a^ta* fttftfta at aft^ft aft, ®i stiaat caatat wai® fftft^ta 
aa?a aitaw ata aift 1 w? waai aat® aift 4 aaifttaa asw ftiftS wtaftw- aaw aft$ 
wtaftwi c«wwi aft^ aaaaa, aaa aa caatat fttftt 1 

ft$ caaate aftaia waj aia aJjica» aitaa star ^fW^atai ca caaa ®ia aaj aft Hftaia ®ttas 

aiftaa ’ks aioa 1 ca aca ca IS^Mift aft-ila 1 aaaa ft^a aitata* aataa aita aita ftaatft 

ftaaft^fstca ®ia aa^ttcaa afaa^aaaitai 

caacat aaja wafttwa aft<fta ft*^ >j?®tta at® aits 1 

fttaa €ai5saawt fttaaai aatt aw : 

W) cat iswft am ftta ftf^ta anta <aa^ caaa ca ®ia aa^ ilfft ®ia caw catts ’jca ata att<^ 1 c^t o 
iffta aats'St'ja'? aataa aita area ^ft) am 1 (fts : ^.iw) 1 

<a) ai^caa , ^taa aifta* ^ftia efts afttaift®ia ^at aiti ‘iwft ft?rfB ^laaa Stw wai atata 1 ta^ 
■^raa arnica ftftta ai®[ caaa®iaa^;ftaia iSStwaaiaa cafes atwftawata (fta : 4.1a) 1 ai^ 
ata ca Plata aftfta.ftaj ai^eftaitaa aata# 1 ^ aataa aita aita c®tafaaft® aw at 1 ®iata 
■fftita aat atta ca ftaia ai^tattawaft^ft? 





13» i W 


tSan^W) 


-an Blt'lt* 'w.sw '■(filT&ni ■HIM BM JfPB 5WI 

ffi#U Jil^sd DtflJI •nlir'fcT n«ium ^TW A*li«i «i<Hlii« ■qfae isis* ’IhSt^-’ 

^1 «tV*l # ili'fi't <W <n<^ 'iK'k't ROM* •M’tlC'W Ifii^^iWI •tfn'K'W '11C*tC* 

«iMto t+iwi awniw* *iiu hsgj ^ifilW^rftou&l 


Types of motion 

QlR*^ : JflPl OUT =®F® •fWH55«®RWPn^pt*ll%SPl awffi ’BPI QMHt 

AMs *totr»r «tlw, ’em «w *lftw afa? *if% ^cn \ arafl> pirn ctiw •Ufa »ffc «lt% i 
: w PBFit anwWHf amt «t»^ •vlni'W >pr5 , ^ifiW®« arc* 

^i omtw <&% "»a «Ra pi iR> w 'jfa 1ft ^f fsi-»K 1ft “««i i cop iHta 1ft, 

il^a^ffiRlft^sjlfti 


mfttfl TO! ai|<W JJ IftW S*H 1ft 1PI 1 


iWH UK,® *n lifts Act clR<™ <f? at^sciw^u wp^ftnt cipi <1$ ift ?*h iftscsi 
an iftft *1! 11H ’WS its? lift* >WW ^ft#V W1 I 


1ft i wftit ift^li vyWB 1ft ift -in w ci, <oft >w ift lei ctIfi ftft# ftm+ 
ftft® ns la in ni^ft? om iftmr <wa, 'stsm pt* iftw itajs 1ft ipt i 
afe 1ft ^efthi, 11 mfcdfti v& *tiM t iftn 4ltra 1ft , 1ft, limit 


SlrfR'MS 


WlWl S*tl PI fiflf* SSS S5 Ss RR® fs'iCS RR® Rss RtS 'arf'oapil TOI Pl$ 
■'isspp S4ls<pls SPT I 

TOSS SR : SRs-ts) t<pll.*ll S*5 SR S^tSSTOS TO^S 5 SSS CSStSI PlR® RtS ‘SStSlR s 'St4s s 

SSS TO$SP!®13RSsit®Rt®TO®ta‘SS*lRtSTOSSStPT1 s lSStSTOSSRSPVI 
TOss Sf®S STOsS SOT SSS ptIspps 511%, tIsSsMsi *0 RUlcas 'otcss Sf® I 

*.o C^fl?! 3tPt « C&tZ sJtPt 

Scalar and vector quantities 

'StPIS TOtttS TOlSt OTtSft CHI'S TOt® St SRSIS TO TO ®It® SIR TOT I CTOCTO SIR SSS SftSM 
SSH TO TO 7 ! TO toR 'TO SlOT I >4$ TOT d<pl"j TOPS TOSI TOR TOTOlTT 4ST TOR <4TO TOTO sR I 

csss tosi sR sR itoRs ?s3j l .5 fsitia, topi ^ait to (RPos to® RRs to otto ?s^j to i .5 

*£t I CSSS SIS fro TOS SlRt® TO^H^Pt 3®H TO TO St I R^R^SlR TOPIS TOT TOTS 

TOWRtroe atSITO 55 1 

CSSSTOStsR sR TOR *111® sRlS 40 fWilPuls OTS5St5, TOpi 4l>t Spit SltS CS ’llRR TOSRlS 
40 km 'JS's ®R®S TORS, R 5 ®^ Slf^R C®ltSlRt® P! 'JSSj ®f®®S <pcs«, 'St ®ItSt SItS TO I Slf^Rs 
a^® ®srot spit® to ailuRs csSt®ltsTRt® pRts Ton to® to i ^TOtcssisiroRsift^siR 
®1tS PI’IJPIt TOJ'tfPI 8®N TO® TO TOTS SItS Rt®S ®S“I1? RtSN TO® TO I Rt®S RtSSTO 
®1SSI TOf TOWS TOS siRt® ®1tS ®W ®St® aiRi SSt- 
ii®R®siRst crostssiR 
41 R® stR si c^*s siR i 

PTOSSlR : PI TO 5 ! CHl® SlRt® 1 3*tSIS RtS S“J$JPI 3TO TO TO, R® RlRptS atslro TO St 
®ttsst® p®sis siR sts i Wo, ®s,gR,TOf,S%, sss,®Msli5i ?®>iR pssIssiRs^sito'I i 

<$*S SIR : PI TOS CBl® SlRt® TOJfRlS a®Pt TOS1S TOT SIS « R® ®StSS acSlTO TO ®ItSSt® 
wBs siRspii ssa, css, '^ss, sa, ®1%sars 5 iT^®TiRc®*3StRs®siTOa i 
4.J TOR OT® PNI STO PI 3f®R C®8St® SIS « R® RtS ®1S PSNIS SlR*|P[tt® CSSS SIS RtS 
RrR*t TO TOTS I 



P?8ft8lft 

td»S8lft 

818 

8K?? 

*8S88 

818 

8K?? 

®81?!8 

w 

d 

40m 

888 

S 81 t 

40m r(*ftt? 

gift 

” 

30 ms 1 

£88 

V8T V 

30 m s 1 t^aftt? 

888 

‘ 

15 8 

?n 

F?t j? 

100 N «8tS3ftc? 

8% 

E 

2000 J 

<888 

a8t a 

9.8 m s' 3 fiiwrftt? 


ed»8 «lft8 fitful 

wiwtinPl* 8 tc?ots 4*B ftls ft? fits rttBsif a ffitf ,, i?at?a, W88 a i c®* 8 sift a 9i88t8 


A8f |a| ffiftl fitfl ?C8 I H8BSTO8 C?OTSt8?888 A 48 
8801 <w*s wv A CBS* <98t 8t*flS , l ?i? A fit8 Hlftfta 818 
S?H ?91 88 I 8Sfi 91 CBtS »lRt<P C8t»B 5£*7 fill <98t 
'®8ft?Rcsfitf"t?at8BK5i ' 

ftCB Ink'll OTlS alPk? <9?ft '?t8 ISft'C ■h*' 1(.*8I 8181 fttfi ?8t 
881 JBTON18 t8% 8lPlfta 818 <981 ftta ft? <98 ft? fttfl 
888 I ®8l888-*9t1 *.4 ft68 88M SO km 9? 1 cm 8St fttf"t TOt 
81VC8 1 9®sk 9l ftCB A eeSsft sis J’tfl 3 cm, Plft 8fft8 ftt? 
ISO km 888 fttffl 8K8 1 B Cd*8ft ^ Rvw 81W 30° C?!Ot 
®S8ftt? 100 km 8«'l fitfl 8d I 

*.8 »lft WW Sift 

Different quantities related to motion 

881818, ?1% ?S *?OB Olt OICT 100 flttB tfftp OI8 I Sift Olt 
OK? 100 filtlB 8KS 8lW 8W, (V-y ft? 9?H Sl88Kl8W8t?lt 
8TC88TI i?*H ■sfi Olt Hit S«s, sftH, °lft>8 8T '**ui?k'll 

ftt? 100 flits 



ft® : ^.O 




OTftft«f5 

^c?r 3t3*c® 510 i 5ft3 aiaOTtaa ’ilift'fo 5fl®®i0 ®I5C® 50 5ft 0*15 ftc® 100 fSfijRi *J0 00 ®t 
'Btl'lC'* 50 I 5ft 551 55 5ft pfs (10 100 Win ^ ft0* efts? 00, 5150 ftft>®>SI0 5ftg 55*115 
sfpn 510 1 c®fi> (10 oti®i ^ ftc® loo ftftg 00? 5ftc® ’Kent 510 1 sot c5ca 51531 5ftg 
«mwhmii 5Q<«5 ggigig «ri 0 mfifc <u<i4l3 a>caf5 51501 gg^ i laft ia^f6 yOTila sift i 5ig f%®n 
C5*cs 51531 ijwq* 510 51W ft®e 1605 g>cgfi -C3fi> 533 i igffc >a^f& cs§g gift i <a®fi> ftftgl ft0* 
0 ggi$ 31 ^aHIcaa ’■ilaa'^a ®1 501 533 I ^fsaK piftal ft0* 3Tfg3lftc®3 5100F 55 3 3TC53 
5|gg'£a0> 533 30 i 

0*IC5I OTJS 5lft 53*113 B COT 53*1103 "SKJ^St g35®5 *33*5 5^13 533?sft® *23$$ 5W 5303 515 
431. ■agi'la ft® 5OT: 3»vfg 5lft 53*113 00 s COT 43*HC3a ftt® I 

533 3*^3 3ft303 ®33 Ml ®0 51 1 0*IC3t 4®fl> 3*5 A 53*113 0C® B 53*110 (ftj $.®) ftft^ 
*10 0E® *110 1 ft*"5 OTjffa 533 50 A 00 s B-43 ftl® I ^eUffl 51(0® •j^Ji'sa *j3$i 5^113 4 
PTCS AB 533taft® *53$ 501 53C33 50 AB = s 433 ft® 501.4 «C® B 43 ft0*l C301$3303 
515 b ft® $®a$ 510, <plcw? 4ft 4®ft C®*3 gift 1 
5303 4141 501 taenia aka! I 
• •[*]-£ 

5303 43*® 501 t*ua)a 4®® '5^0 fttlg (m) I 0*101 3*53 533 60 m 5ft3 ft0* OTC® ^pfRl g* 5 lt 
®I3 5lft 53*115 00 s 60 m 5f®3 ft0* 50 00 1 

•lilt 50*, 5103 $alaat3 OTf% *$ 100 fttlg *55*5 50 C*0(® *0 50t I 4®$ gg*$ ft*5 5ft 40 
C5tg»C® *050 510*050 (5Q5 Doac.^? 5% 51 fti$? f5T?a$ft^l (,®H3I ®13333 ®3 000 1 
50 ®3l 515*, 5ft 100 fttlg *535 50 C50*C® *0 501 1 ft^ 75 15615 g3*5 30 c5ca>c® *0 501 1 
5l53t ft* 50® *Hft 5% ft$g C50 ft0 500? 5ft f® ft®^I C50 0ft *J5*$ 5fta*5 5*0ft ? 0 0f*i 
g® 5005ft 51 ft^^WRC® 50 4®fi>ftft5> 550 ®5C55 5fta*l”$ 'JSII'0 ^fHl 551C® 50 1 531 
51®, <d$ ftft5 555 5W 1 C50*®l g®3t<„ 

1 C50*ra 5ftg 5fta*iOT gg^ 100/50 = 2 ft6ig 
l 00 *c® ft^g 5fta*i^5 ^5i 75/30 = 2.5 ftftg 
g®gn, ft5,5ftgc50g®500, 0*551 1 c-aca*® ft?5ftg cs 0 0 ft *jj*55fta*5 5*001 



0$ 35$ft®t5 

<95 o5£? 41551 3510s atft £? a® sai? *st ftfts ?£s 54s w «iR >*|"4 *{9t^5 *555 i c?ic5t35g ?*s 
3® &«i w '5>5t '=<t^b«P») 5*5£5 PI 5lPt ft£5 #W^ins'5B5ft^55l 3ft ^<HI(.5S 
aft3*&55 515 fttftt ?£5 i 59955 5t9*5 £5*t95t s 3 ^ 45*51955 afsftftss 5159? aft 5C4i 
9*J3 ifl5*? 5495 'S»R><S*l**® 9151 aft 515415 5*51 55 I 34514, 


aft 


m 


£5*1951 aft^fa S 3 ^ 9ft 1 9999 d*Jfr5> 4ft8*4 ?9 3, \S|5W aft 


8ft 5151 4^51944 alSs^Ms 515 £5*15 ft9? Wc(k4 *51 4151 515 51, 4*99 aft9 £4*fC5t ft? £5$ I 3J551S 
gft (95*fil £ 3 ?9t99tft I 

3ft5 91® 4991;^ 3591311 

-•• [v] -j-Lr' 

MIS'S, ajl^w 555 ftra 419 4599 aft 91891 515, 4l£6r? *19049 34*49? 55555 <5?? ft99 Wl ?494 
aft5 34*5* 91891 5115 I a5t^5 >5?? fttllS (m) 1955 55555 <5?? C5W® (s) 58919 3ft9 9?? 595 
ft?l3/£99?® (m S - ') I £555 £59£5t 5^?5 aft 4 m s~ 1 35115 5^1? aft £>IWC4 4 ft?19 359) 

gfts 34*4 f4T>t9/£994*® 4998 4191995 ®99ftl9 3)4915 45J 4195) 4954* 555 359515 34*4* ftPItftSlS 
>955. 55£55 34 s ? 9$t 495 aft5 4?? ft59lfttl3/9‘5t (km h' 1 ) 5ft I 91ft5 ftl9Blfttl5 £5 aft ft 149 
?95 31 km h _l -4 £5891 <9194* I 

5? aft i C4IMI 55J5 4ft?IC9 9ft 4*4951 afta 41944 £4*195t SfSS'ftt 51 59 45114 452>fl> 5ft 5^51 5915 
55£5 5515 35*$ 4ft?9 495 '®k(.4 $ 4 3 ^9 aft94* 399 91 598ft 9CT I 415 5ft 5515 5999 5*3? 5515 
35*51 4ft?9 51 4*99 *51599 95t 8)%9? 459 3ft 9991 

5^5 5ft 355 aft£® 51 599 slwi 'SIS '=(R>a>l'W £51? 555 ft£5 514 4599 49? 3ft 5?? 55£5 

4ft4*l'*4 359 ) 51651515 I 399 5® aft 991 55 I 
CTftajI 

a? 5 R, % ar® ■ — 

5ft £55C5t 51ft 5155 0595 s ft5W35 518515 505 55*15 7 ?19 5851 S99 6 54115 300 R>£9lft?ls 55 
4fta*9 995, 'S£5 *515 4*J 3ft 5W 300 km / 6 h = 50 km h* 1 I 34195 9? aft 5515 5*155 4tftf? £5 





'St* a»fla art ’rtSla 50 ftwlftSls ga^ vesta <saa cvlt*il VII cat I aiftfii vawl 
war gs 5w atoc® ■'itei aitala as era »iic*e« saraatcai 

aft i 'ataat aft cwwi iCTlt ftna rttcat s p^b gft «tww fiI, caaa W® 
'iiftlt 5*rt gj aana ft® 33 ftftfc t4 a®ata i^c'i w gft vs ftt, ®iv*i pitr aw ®ia i aatsa s^s 
gft at wwft® g% i MwiMt gjipi ag»® at 'Waft® aft caa ®aw aw alairtac® '*i% «wt aaa 
ataaica «ift®ha gag nhc® acai ®iaaa eat gage® aaa ftta ®w ®ca gft caa ®*c® 
atcai 

csa> aft a®w lofct 32 ftftt 43 ptt®c®a aaa aftftts gft a® % ftcat c®tcat ^pas area attscsw 
orean ^1® cg®ta aft# 'laiw aiftfta gft ®® ftt ®t who* ata ®iaw '®tc® ^ aata fftc^ifttiow 
•ft w fta '®T ewe® aca i cscviw i gft fttow *faj caaa ajtwcsc® cviwi •lift awl® aftfllai 

awa aaca 1% at fatal awtwrta wftta &cvt> acas g®®a catata aHalfa fat caftwta c®ta acas 
gft v® <81 ft4a ■aat'o aw afticast® at*la at was atena ^ii«)<ii Roe aw i 

caa 

act® ^raa awai atataa caa *w aiaaia afa <nat vctc-? ®t ®ta atfa gft apnpsifa"? 

ftwwa aftwata ta gffia faj|®t ®trt i gft c®®t i®imi a^a gaijga at aa*nwa Hftaitia aia 
Ryfa ®ca, caaa ftta* ca afafta atata w gatia at i caa gaega aftaftaa aia 3PWta atataift c®r 
ftt® t?\ a(3<ftt at® 'sfs ftrta to i ca*l ftot ftfta? ftc® gsc^s a(3l<ftct* ala awt aarta atat® 
gpuai gftak waa atw witii a«ja a*taa awia w*i at*i a^Ra»5 ftftW; ftw aRPaaaraCT*t«t 
aftaa i «a'st5caai 

aft taiwi a*? / aaca ftft# ftca> s aftsa «wi caa, v = i 

capmarateaftaarat 4a^a^i>t [ lt ~ ‘] 
carta i9a»a o gfta aiaRf uja5 , Miams" l i 
capstan « ft^^ft^tca i 'sft caa 4wl6 ^aa 
aiftt i ®aS8tf %art‘94ftai*staawiaaTaWi 

alwift c4iwi wow ftwa atw 30° ww 
a>ca S'sa ftw sea rtca (ftj: a.s) i cat 
at*sia aft awflt aift 20 km h ■' aagftrt aw, 

'siapmiaara®a>Bica aaw aiaa aiftHa caa 
^ftc^aatw 30° ca i cM » sa ftta 20kmh -' i 
ft^f aft at ’(iftltt aafS ^staia aw 
20 km h -i aagftMt 






0.5 





I 3*53 '3lft £33 3ft u 55 <033 £333 *101 


£3£33 513 <531 <03535 C3£*I3 3f33'&l$ 3f33 I 

^P«St5l3£35 3HMI* 3j3‘t3t'33 c t « 33133 3l£3 C33AR33 
’f'tt'SW VJ3‘1W 3313 331 53 I 

33£33 3t£3 3*53 '333£3£ 5 I3 ^J3 5I3£^ 3S33 3CT I £^t£31 
'513£«t3£3 ! t3ft v5S, '4I5C3, 
t 3333 £3£33 3®3'^3 = v — u 


:. C3CT3 3®3'iC33 513, ^13^3*1, a = 

£3£*l3 3fi3^1 


3j33 4=?)? £5*3 3lPl I <33 ft^ <5335 1 <33 ft^ 5W £3£33 3©3^C33 ft£3> I £3£3$; <31331 <£Wf® 333 £331 
33133 3f% Rl3»3l 353ft, <Pl t«r5 £3Pl3 3f33'®3 5C3 53 £3£33 ft£3 13331 £3133 ft’lfl's ft£3 I £33 3ft 
^P3 313 351513 £3C33 3®3^3 5£3 £3£33 ft£3* I £3£333I ^33 5£3 3313131 3ft £33,333 313 '515P1 
£3C33 'llslo'f 1 5£3 £3133 R'lsSI'i ft£3> I £3£3>W <$5W£4 3HI<4|35 33153^133*33 53 1 


<5^13, <^33=^- = — = — j 

[a}=ji= LT- 2 

<53^ : <53 £33 W 4131 <33 <U3^ I 


£^t£3T3 3 S3'533 5 m s‘ 2 ®®3f3£3>33£'5 33t13 <Plgl®st £33®wf3£3 i 1 s <0 5 m s‘'^N3t3 I 
^35 ^33 « <333 ’^33 : 3533 33W3 5 £® 31£3, 33t- ^33 ^33 « <533 ^33 1 OT£31 33?3 £33 3ft 

ftfti ft£35 33333 <3^ 5IB1 3I'5£® 3133! '5I5C3 £3 <^33W <$33 '^33 31 33'5j3 c f 3F1 \ 313 £33 
513 3ft 3313 3t 31C3 1 , '515£3 £3 ^533W333 ^33 'Vlt 53 1 

333 ^3£33 <0?f® $31533 5£3t 3l%3 s £^3 3St£3 ^5I£3 3®W5 3 3 ?3 '$3'! I 3ft <033® 3^ '%^|£# 
3^®1£3 3<5£® 3t£3s <533 <513 <?33 53 9.8 m S -3 3^13, 33j1® 333 <^^3 ftw ’313£'5 3t£3s '533 <03 
£33 aft £3£3TO 9.8 ra s' 1 ^£3 3PSW 31W I 

<313 '3l33l313l33<St£3 £3 33=3 33313 3*5 £fft, £333 «1lft, 3ttW3 , ft+31 $<4Jlft3 '53*1 53 <333 I 



’■hl^faesh 

®HI54‘I 5.S : i!Wf? «ltf®?r WISms' 1 54W 5t<i4®l54 ■jN 5355 10 s 355 45 m s' 1 551 *11^1^5 
'$53 555^5 1 



’TO, f = 10 s 
^54, a = ? 



® : 4 m s' 2 


3tffl®4 S 5 I 55 M 5.5 : i55sfB 3tf®5 553 20 m s ' 1 5355* »(34et54,5ta 5355 4 s 355 4 m s' 1 55 1 'IlfpSo ^54 

555 5511 

«1133t«ilft, 


^ 4ms'-20ms M 
' 3 4s 

4s 

= -4ms -2 
« : -4ms 2 

Equations of motion 

551 5l3fl> 53)13*53 515515 ^55 533M >|R>^H 5*^5 5% 5®**® Rl®5 55555 5513W ^51 515 I 4$ 
55)l55335at53* 551 55 3f®5 35 |<wi 3 I >5® 5^5S5 c t'p5t S55W 55 555 555 ^55 5i353 55555515 3f®%3 
3153*1 35t3fa, CTO515’5 u 31(355*1 1555 a ^35*5553 1 555 555 s *|3'5 5*55 5*15 555 v 31*5 531 

5H55T 3f®5 5Sl45‘t 4 JC4l 3€ta*J5*H5 5151551 3555 5# I 3® a€l5»J55l 5Plt : 
u - 51tft 554 «t3l3 555 34515 ’BP® W 555 

t - 5%5P'5 555 




s - ’EM t ’TO5 »||'SiSI"4 ^5 

v - era caa t aaa ercraa^ja caai 

*a$ atP) " suvat " aaraa ca <aa cac®nrar Pa ID aiR ®rat araet aiR* 

aift caa arat ara i ^ arai raft aSlaaa rafts i acii^fl! >i?«i ! i Raffi rata aiPt "rata i rarataiPtaena 
■aw aPtta ra^araa^piia ■araicaj raw® ait^af^it to® ft*fs raat aia i 
*.8 »iiiw rataai cracraf® ^aa , 


raraia >Sf ra^wts raraat ecaf^, 

■a^- 55 ^ 25 



( 2 . 1 ) 


(2.2) 


ftrataraa i (2.1) afl'Mwa v «a aw (2.2) raSftaaet aate i 


(2.3) 


ftrararaa i ( 2.1) rafllaaa ettra / raaara era to (2.2 ) rafraaet 
aPfta ast yra raa raaa ’wjwiw Raw raa i 


/. v 2 = M 2 + 2as (2.4) 


aR crarcai aaajia ast aa f»ta raaro eftra atai racacs, 'sraet ratft cas « -oscai 






4.0 : f*R! '^KtR C4W W 1 ® dwffi *tlf&C'S 2 m s' 2 '$?T t 1 3Bfla 4^11 WT <4S £W 
20ms -1 wit i ’to *rc?t apta araia w ? 



« : 10 S 


aif 5 !^ ®hl44*l *.8 : 54kmh'' C4FI5a w ® at%® 5 saH®4ms’ 2 3BIW outwit I 
allots* caa alw jfp , w 'ja '5 «=ii'M“i ^sita? 

«n5i?ii«fiR, 



= 125 m 

®:<aa«a 35ms’ 1 125m 


aiftR^ Saltfl‘1 \.t ■. PfWt st'als Rita 'aa’W CW aft 10 m s' 2 ^44 ^awsata 443 80m 

’jsc^ jtp®B aw %wt <w <il^w a*® cata 'af®ani ■asrca? 

'awstisfiR, 




aatlftsH «<» 

Motion of falling bodies 

'srf&’rt : >0$ s^iftcua aw<pH! <*if a*ttt wa 5 'asaw ftwa ftta* ataaft ata i 4$ s^iflttia cswit-u 
1 j5f5 3>^a ’Sit'd PI '5(t^‘l ^tta 5 saln>< Sta I a^S Wf© Sift ^jftft SS ®ta 'otta* «ilo<i>< ata 
alia cantat aaja ©as 'jftfla '=ii<p^-tfv *iR><i'l aat ss i sstflna tapwtsi 'jjtf© a^ssa atasl't a , at^ 
RSBwa wft «nt? at ft©Stsa ssia*! sjs atts sflfii® i 

fiSUcis nfta ft'Da ^aj tw aisat wfa cs aa sea castat a^^a sian ss, awnt afsn‘1 ataa 
sfstpwa’^a'qa'tasi ait 'tjsacas eife-sl®! 'pa sat as i 

af«s>l ataa stwca ^jci ^*ica 't®**® catt-n a^ja tan <jfts staca «ift>^<et ^an aw i waigftts 
aast*ta=ttssi 

cstatsslsa^s ^an waans'san.'jsaft'iiastgtscaiXT’' 2 ] aiat 4-w tits m s 2 1 

^ft&s cantat *aits g aia sttaa aiPisim st^, 

GM 
8 R 1 

aiStta, m = ^jft%'sa 

G= wf© ftaeRft saa* 1 <at^ sstasfts 5a 5 ? ata 1 
R= ^fl% snail 1 

piM.'t ^jft% s^jl CHWI4M as, cat wa (sanisift stat, ®i© ^jftfla snail /te aaa 5 as 1 ti®sK 
'^[t&a a% g >33 ata aata as 1 cat awn snail R aat&ts as ata capita g 43 sts aatsts 

caft 1 aiaftsaawa r aia sta aatsts caftatag 4astaaatstsss 1 
5 5^t& ftftt *ttta g <aa sla ftft^ aw 45° ®wl«t‘l asp as'spi g >33 slats* aial sta aat ss 1 g 313 >a 
stM siastB? 9.80665 ms 2 i ftattaaaPaissiaiaia^isH aat as 9.8 m s 2 at9.8ims’ 2 1 
S'?"® 3*? 

camst a^jta ©as pits csss ftta aftasla slants crisis 1 wt ©wwi cats* ass wf© 
55iit« sia®i 3*5 cs^ ftw 45fFjrfts laa^asts'^y^ c^flsits? 
w ©s*at SHa e w ©ssit saw wt ©it's! cats* cs c® ftta cast sis cs, aiaaft 4Wt«m aits© stf©t® 
dlsis 1 csts^a^ta ©Sa ftst^ta sjsn wwa ©as ata at, ®t© a'M®t as ntatas 

©aa llanDa aR*p4a ^sa 3ia^ 1 ajsaK wtaa ‘sa't asts stftt® c^itsitaia wt 1 aortas ataia wit 
a^j f%t stats siftt 1 ® pllsis 1 awtaa atat at ataw ai«itat wnt wt ass siftt® cftsre 1 

*i'S> 1< 5 as^fa ^staft : a®"® a^ a T at4t snftfte f©af6 ^js caa waa 1 ai^wiw assfa ata 1 
4© Jjn^iai iflapsw ftaa aawia catas faar atais a'p® as^a cwa atsw 3^5 a^ta ass ftta 
aaana wtas a®ta, ^s cwat aift can atwa at 1 3*5 ftat atats s^®ita aifta a^ta >a3 ©as 
'sfta'tfo aa si^taaitantataa flail wta aii casa- aiaticaa atat ^©aaftstasitaat 1 
aas^s : ftta aasata c 3ia^ ©sulcata 1 ftat aims °t?^5aa®i abasia asts asia at aftss^® 1 
It'S) a ^s : ftis aasaia cstta* flat atais a®^s as^a ftft© asts U) flt^ caa (v) ^ astsa asftaii©^ 
a4ia, vxi 



8o 

: fSa3<333tH £313*1^3131313 'Hb«i 3*$ Rflf® 33C3 £3 'JfT^ (hi) ^fe^3^C3'51 <*1 33MI3 
it) 3t% 33H3tf%3 i '=1^1*!,, heel 1 


331 3W, £3>l£ll 3^J u *31^ £33 1^13 flfa<PC^s SfSl£3 gpeta 3*515.1 I 333 ’IK s^lii v £33 31*5 
33 I It 3f3 4? 3313 h 333 fp «ftw, vslwi 3f%s »iS)$3£9 *53*3 s >93 3(<5C'i h <333 *$33 a 
<33 31330'S <=((®3>S«!< 3133 g 33I033 3®’*S 3*?3 3f«3 picj(l« 3i)to33’t£3t 31031 3t£3 I 
v = u+gt 

. ju+y) . 

2 

h = ut+$gt 2 
v z = u 1 +2gh 

3lf ! 1f'S'* Snl5fl‘1 5.«J : 50 m ^5WIM3 5t5£3£^C33!5 1 Jt3’ , ?£5£?'f'lPt >4fi» W £3W SIM'S 
3*303 f g = 9.8 m s' 2 
«|I*(S| ®lf^, 35''$ <!'£<! CT^ai 


v 1 = u 1 + 2gh 

3t,v 2 =0+2x9.8ms' ! x50m 
= 980 m 2 s' 2 
.". v = 31.3ms"' 
fc: 31.3 ms' 1 


'=tlf»TC.<I»l, M = 0 

133^, h = 50 m 
£33£33,v = ? 
g = 9.8 m s’ 2 


^.3 *11% « c»r»it&3i 

Motion and graph 

i. ipi^-W CPNf&ai 


5fll£33®33 W33*£3 I ■St’T’T# 43*ffi £33fi>1^M<nt3 33*13 3*31 313 I <*? £3*rai53*3*t3£ 
33133 5133 (t) <333 7- 33133 '3l'Ss*l"» IJ3^ (5) 33133 ^31 33 1 3? P13fi>SJ£3* ’j3'5 -• 

331 33 1 3^ CT3fSai {313 s 33W 35^3 £33 f¥f3 ^31 313 I 13151 ^33 £3t <S ^33 £3£33 
-333 OT3tSai C3W £33 fSfol3 3’«t% <31£31531 W 3E3! I Bt(t3<4| 3^31133 313J <31331 < 
333 £33t 33133 33313 35^3 3% 'fllt'iloil ^33 1 <3$ C353 <93*lt! 3%%! 3*^3 £3£33 f* 
3fS3'^3 5C33t i JJ^MKf^PI 3I£33 3l5<iW3 ^31 03C33 3fS<'£*1 3®J3 1 


mm 



(8)^55 £3PI3 £8C3 : 


33t 518, £8H5i pnw 3i*si5 ®i43% (cng) wifi's ’p't^ 43® 8®ifi)8*tt 55£? i af% 12 
3333 ilia >ail'S(S>l~e 'J3'$i Rids misfit's £53t£51 5£3t I 
T?i^ -533 5l3f : t 



fiw :*Jt 


®3£33 'iisRc's 3®® 3%3 85i -333 £33 f&arft ^.8 ®cj £33t£5t 5£3t 1 4$ fSai wt? wwiwi 

33£5 331 318, 32 PlRcB 8£5lGl88® 8^8 «|(^tfl«4 ^555 £55 831 5t£3 1 485J 8I31£33£8 3818 X- 
8£83 ®33 32 ftp® Rc<ti*l3l ft'*® (M) IB(5>« "MW 5£3 I 81333 it £8£8 £88® £43 $33 Y 
'qc’fs ■>i5l r 'osl3 43® £331 >31 |<pc.'o 5£< I 8£5 831518, £58® £38fSc43 €513 P frl£>® RPw 55 I 485 
P fti£ £8£8 Y 8£3 i 3 $33 *1^ bhi« 5C3 I 4$ Y «l ■»£<!> £5 f^£® ( N) £55 8£3 8® 3W 32 
Rfiw 8fwF8 ’J3'5 ( ON) I £38t 515 £5, 8tBl1?>85® 4 ^fsrca 16 km 'J55j 3l«®3 8uw I ■I'oslv, 
PPlftj Mt5 £<IC8l£5l 555 t = OM 43 85J »il4*h» 5jT5 s = PM 51851 515 I 

••• w -5-S“S* #nw *® <*OPCM*m (slope) 3£3 l 

ft£8 83 : 43® 55 s 8138 5t8 I 4$ 8l3£8 £81313 3988581 8 ijft81838 488 ftlS $3133 
■’itaRl’e 3f ! i'S8f®383Jij3'5 -585 £38163® 8*35 831 4$ £55®® £8£3 32 RFtiS iWN 
53^ 431. £3*1 £33 83 1 44 RRc$ «i(>&<phe 53^ 8 £338'S3C3? 


(3) 855 £3W3 £853 : 

5.8 ftcs 855 £3£5 3ft%l 43® 3*53 ’pl'5-555 £38f53I 
£88[£51 3CT1 1 £8C5J9i 4£8EI35?ffi5813 58£85813^33j 
8f$88 8£3 51 81$ OT8®3® 535 £331 5C3 51 1 4® 43® 
38£3813£3 I £<t£^ 4 £855 33"$® *p8 £3£358£55t, 






8* aal4R«M 

aRxpi™ aa»i eaa aaia at i Pialiw caw -=d»i*ii a*sfi!s cataawr^jpta caaftfa 
ami® aiaai <mt ala 5 36 IWcS caa fa<fa amw "5Ca I aaiaj X «nam iSast 36 RiRlS RpH4l2) 

( M) M's amt® 5ca i M l^t caw y aitam MWasaw a®fiJ caat aia i aar aw caaiffi 
pplIScas ©aa (P) ft^ps RR® ^Pit i >flaia P fiats® pm Ms sms® sta mwk'mw ■a^fS Mf® ’sg 
■n*jt*pi : ?l fi^? abc ficsoii «wc® sea sta ab *a® ^gg cs «irft p fa'gs Mf® -ni^<p(,T? aa* cssia Mica 
s*rt® Itca am i aro warn, Mtsst ist a® «sia s®w Rmm ®aft salt aaa cssi^sa saj ’fats st®t 

®iasa, .Pfa^c® 

AC slat fic-rfa® gaaj 
- 5CataT Rt»?Pi®asssjasts 



a® c?ft> far?® Rtst>«l w ®m caw afasia aft® ®a ataaT ytf^i i ®tt 'amai p Mjps 

ED ®f*f® attfts aai ABC QrgpftS fa"VJ 'WWI'J® a® Orgst DEF W-l a® | 
aaa ■0i'5|B ABC amafs'spOiiPcawait,^^^; 
m _QF 

^®ars,, v gp 

f®*? ^ ^Plt ED aa 151*1 I 

^®sr p Mjps csa '5PH at fi^s® ad®M5 am i ®it aar am '33'3-ass cssfScja csc®icai 
R^s® aRa® a’Mcasi sta ^ l^p® caS Rcr*! ®sa I 

cas-ass pisSm 

®as cata i>ssW a>ja cas assaa ©as Mi ®sa i at 3 t , m^ a^f5 prafSwia stsjcs a®ta ®st am i 
at c®sai ^® aaswa x -aw aaiaa ass (t) aaa y-®w aataa caa (v) ®*iTas amt as i at 
casta® caa-sss caaftataai ssi atffWdai cwwi cawiwi caa aaa'ta'P^ta ascss 
atca cacaa aRa'issa sta f©% am i fM( ^aa cwbb ca’t-aaa caafsar cacai '^aa fafem 
a**^ aitaii>ai apat^tar i 



i * i 



i . *r»*n ■sfTQ 1 1^fiJi?T c*$wa *II5ICTJ <1BX frtfj ^a I 

^ia ^ saic^a at a§ fata wi ^ifD <4i^ca i 
vs. vovffilua fr'iwa 3H7*® snc3*i aa i c $ jt $ c^ara ^tw aw at^^asa i aTc3®ifl> 
a^R cata v^Rico ^niv* <wjca ^«R awt xjf^lU a**i ^ca *ttg i 




a. •flat -s ia Sofa's afaa ?afa®j'j£ai ar®ta ftPw a*a i ijiww awjda afa ^si<na afa aaa 
v t<Iisi^'8 afa i at afa <jsdia afa ^aa a*na^s afa ateata aaaa attar ^a i 
v. atat -t 4 STIR'S afaa taPisGitidi awta fafaad ^a i <3dcs stdJda *1% a$ui<ts afa w 
*faa afa i at 5(1% i*ii«i^8 afe afa^sata ^laaattatf^a i 
&. at 'a^a*«iida atatta at"® fafag afaa s^aat ^a i a*(piia awt afa^t fast i 


fayrW-t.'o 

ioo fttia cfat? Pditfa gfafa4a aauaafad'stfacsaai 

$«1J ; faftg aad atfatfi"® ija^ fa% a*d % gfa fa^a, sja^-aaa daftn atwa aaa wdiwi 
aad 'staa'f'to gfa fa^a i 

a*aaifa ifatiacda, aiaia^.afe'aaaiaTafa'sti 

atat : 

i. ^paacstataatdia pspaafa^aafraTatasdarodtdiatti) aasarc*® aasfSa^dtwadfaats i 
a. at «d 25 fatia i|d s|d , aidt atafa af$ faate i susakcta af^fC^d lOOfatia'jd i 

<o. aaa a^>« att? at^re aaaaifa oiafis a1^>a atd osiais aia a**[ dIsH? atat afa fad ^ica i 
8. faw^ ttfaa® ^wsata aid atdssfacal^ , !i5 ^ad aaaaroidaiaaia atat a%®i5a*8di 
<t. wl'jpfaa aaa ata awwa afa afaxM aasw wa ca ^ia aiar a% a=ad i afaa ati ww ^ 
•jsi^a wn a*m atsatatd 

«>. 'ja^aaafad'snasd <taaaataaidaaHtat atijat^aBHTa'sgfeat'eat'atdi 
a. aaa a^fa ^a> aaaw x -w*a fad aaa (/) aaa y - , ada fad ijaas (d) '*ttaa a^d awfa 
dalba awn a*a i 

i r. caaBat dd cadidT aad *sR>s>i"® ^a^ aaa at jot ajaatda % gfa aaa <t \\v6n 

'staff'd gfa fafa ^a 1 

Rfafl ^fail's cite aaaefate at aSSlaHfts ■jaai^fb a>a i 
io. at®td add faaaft afidafl) a’ag a*a i 


aiF 

(m)^ 

aaa 

***- g (m.- 1 ) 

~r 




2 




3 




4 







a. •flat -s ia Sofa's afaa ?afa®j'j£ai ar®ta ftPw a*a i ijiww awjda afa ^si<na afa aaa 
v t<Iisi^'8 afa i at afa <jsdia afa ^aa a*na^s afa ateata aaaa attar ^a i 
v. atat -t 4 STIR'S afaa taPisGitidi awta fafaad ^a i <3dcs stdJda *1% a$ui<ts afa w 
*faa afa i at 5(1% i*ii«i^8 afe afa^sata ^laaattatf^a i 
&. at 'a^a*«iida atatta at"® fafag afaa s^aat ^a i a*(piia awt afa^t fast i 


fayrW-t.'o 

ioo fttia cfat? Pditfa gfafa4a aauaafad'stfacsaai 

$«1J ; faftg aad atfatfi"® ija^ fa% a*d % gfa fa^a, sja^-aaa daftn atwa aaa wdiwi 
aad 'staa'f'to gfa fa^a i 

a*aaifa ifatiacda, aiaia^.afe'aaaiaTafa'sti 

atat : 

i. ^paacstataatdia pspaafa^aafraTatasdarodtdiatti) aasarc*® aasfSa^dtwadfaats i 
a. at «d 25 fatia i|d s|d , aidt atafa af$ faate i susakcta af^fC^d lOOfatia'jd i 

<o. aaa a^>« att? at^re aaaaifa oiafis a1^>a atd osiais aia a**[ dIsH? atat afa fad ^ica i 
8. faw^ ttfaa® ^wsata aid atdssfacal^ , !i5 ^ad aaaaroidaiaaia atat a%®i5a*8di 
<t. wl'jpfaa aaa ata awwa afa afaxM aasw wa ca ^ia aiar a% a=ad i afaa ati ww ^ 
•jsi^a wn a*m atsatatd 

«>. 'ja^aaafad'snasd <taaaataaidaaHtat atijat^aBHTa'sgfeat'eat'atdi 
a. aaa a^fa ^a> aaaw x -w*a fad aaa (/) aaa y - , ada fad ijaas (d) '*ttaa a^d awfa 
dalba awn a*a i 

i r. caaBat dd cadidT aad *sR>s>i"® ^a^ aaa at jot ajaatda % gfa aaa <t \\v6n 

'staff'd gfa fafa ^a 1 

Rfafl ^fail's cite aaaefate at aSSlaHfts ■jaai^fb a>a i 
io. at®td add faaaft afidafl) a’ag a*a i 


aiF 

(m)^ 

aaa 

***- g (m.- 1 ) 

~r 




2 




3 




4 







ap. 

affo 5'eslts atPt ft? (V) ft? aw 

51 apltaa is?? C?Mft t 

TO m s' TO m s 2 M Ns TO kg s’ 2 

afta afftRi aft a?a aft ? 

TO £aft? aft (to Sa^staaa aft 

pt) *l<It«'ya aft pi) *faa aft 

01 fttspaaroa caw fan atara ftR® aaui caijaa) ■aft?*! toi^t <& ■'huis- 

TO aaigatft? TO arts aaid,aift? 

(TO ai*®Haift? pi) aPfo apsqaift? 

si aftfS a*j ftia «i4*iw £W a 5tsrejaW5*rc5i RPf4 wn ^ <p-$a aft?!'** aw - 

(j) i = <£±*> t (ii) s=ut+^at 2 (iii)j 2 =« +2a 

ftffiS Wlift aft?? 

TO i (TO ii PI) iieiii TO i,ii«iii 

c 1 ftcsa caa-aaa waftrara wtaft sjjtetw a^»s ?*§?[ cstTOBar ftcfa ?cs ? 



TO a TO B TOC TOD 


TO J |wt '1^1*1 SlUf 

5 I dfSl'WI aafiMIW ftpi(i«l W« Celt's alala ?aj 3?ft ai$WI4Ka ?sat TOIt I Ca TO3TBI ’3J 
piw ftp® ’near a^ft® aft 5 min aaaa atftst ftweiftBia capp wcas an 'sai 53 ft ftpi fta 1 
cawa aia caa aatroi aft aftra 1 8,36,54,54,54,36 « 1 8 ftpnftsia 1 
TO'^fPfPftsft#! ? 

TO fsroa acaaft^ftTOpaaaja^aaajiaitasa 1 

TO aaa 4 ftftcB aiftfta aift®®® ^5 ?s 1 

TO ’R'lfft Sara ftw wa-aas piafta w to ?i aaait ?a ? 



FORCE 



puts RSSi ^§5 aft ftss alia-* aiwll ^sh i ftft afts t>ffl»ta JRft^jnk* ftaft ^owf 

attna sppta ^oh i >9 mjtar 'siaaT *11% f^m-? <at *pnlwl «iM»al w-j i a ^pfe ^*§3 ^yst, aa, 
ataasppft, wk.<i*I , af a « ftsMaaaaftnr milts ^iwlBw 5ta 1 1 


mils ati Ww ahsl - 

ftft^ spfbi ara a^ft ajwt «i» am i 
e. 3tnu « v*>ii»ij *qc*w amanajt m» am i 
8. wwi <jN3i ayra am i 

<t. aft aat.a^a snaanui ®aa aiaa asR ftoaa me® am i 
*. RSGtis afts ^>s ■qjsala <pt« aa aRxia ws am i 

a. R®1?w« afta ^Sta ^aj amjs aas to o aftftsi aa aflafi am® am i 
b -. fisHa mta aft aaiawa asn Rtsaa aac® am i 
i. mweas asimf ^at « ajwt mt® am i 

io. Rft^ sppiaa^a maa^aaaajMn +aca> ami 
a*?* afts ®aa a^c*i« sww Rtssa ■kh« am i 
a^asia-^Pama^aiaajNitamaami 
io. «iwnaa 4Haw a&aa ^ftaii?4 asi< Rmsa w am i 



«.J 'SW.^C’RI qfcflt- ftSUtis SPPi ^St 

Inertia and qualitative concept of force- Newton’s first law 

'SIM alaliai! Dta-llc.-l ^ aataaa*? caat® ait I sataa wltilfE ftta, ^lala C®ttatfl> aft^la I ftlft, 
* 1 %, aaa, C^*t, 'ja't a"ic4 ®IWai tt®NCajt CBtwft I f^TsT <»^tala ataj d Cilia C&ala, dt^PI, 
aaall'p, ®lcis ^ t®ilft I 'atala aft^fa <ps’]c«iIs ataj sw« W® ft®“t1, aPI, altt®a, aw^a 
a*? t®flft i ftia •p'g’lcai ft ftw ft catena aft%i «m aid? airaatc® c®iaia n<?ia dsfaat® 

caattn cws cata «mnSl®pi a®ita iafl> ft pnw ai®d? w '=t[®»®i tw ’awai "ft caat® 
ait? aiwaT caft, ca a 5 ^^ ftta fta ca^cni ftiat atata i ^^caT ftta? cat® aft^ft at® at® ari 
«nam aa, t®Wa so® ®*!;aa®a ap®ia aitc®a siftd aiw i c®tcm <a® aaa ca nitc®tn aitt®a caeai 
wa ®d fta i nitcanfiS ft awl awt cata atta? Jilaal caat® ait atata»ifD ft^ aa aaia aa ^itro 
'alp® cata ala i aft aitja aiai <aat ap®ia atn ai aw® ®tata ■Hitt®afB ft | aftapi aftt® aat® 

■a atat cat® 'staai ^ntt® a®, at®i® a*jt ta , aa 3 ata taita, cat ^aiat at®t® ala i c®ttat 
a*5 aft ftia ait®, ®d ‘aft ftiat ai®t® ata i , aiaia aft^ft at®ta <aft aft^la at®t® aia i 
<>$a ftw appai aaaa aiaw swaia ta aaa®t at at ®it atat «t^®i i >i®ak a®j ta am^na aitt? 
fta®ta ta ^awita ai®t® aftata ta aaa®t at ca wa^at awa atat® wsaia ta at ®it® «pj»i ata i 
c®ttm aa^a «w»i aia ®da ®aa ft€a ®d i wtia ®a aw >sa ws®ia nftata i ca a’^ ®a cnPi ®ia 
w5®icaPn awjeica aat aia, ca a^a w?®i caPt ®it® ai®% aan, caajsra at ^ftt ®ai fttat cacaa 
ft® a(3a®a aw ®® ®Sa i 

• >9®ft ®aa e <a®ft at ctftcaa ®aa aw i aaia ®aaftt® art®a < anja ftta cSt®t 
ai® i caat® caca?®aaftcSfataataaaift®tr^dadcaai 

• isaia atfSt® affiaa awit ’adsji ftta d^®i aft i atft ^itafaataari >aaiaatftt® 
aj® ftta afttaft i <aaa atft >a® wna cat® ®ttta ad aita i 

®aa e attaa atai ate® aait® caPt ®#t®at® atataaaaa, ®ataa cataattaa ®a caPt 'atta «w«i 
caPn 

si^wla SalaaH 

cata ai®t ala aMaaac® l 5j®ata awat® caacaaftt® cataacpi i ^aa ®iaa atat ftaft w?®! i aPi 
aaa ftta «ia 3 'na ait® ®aa at®a aSfts ftta ait® i ft*u aPi sat® «naat ®aca atJila aSlcaa api 




a®Sf®?aaftflta?Eitl aSjtaw ■S’tosfl ®W Spj'ol* affit fSoRf qiHIS ai®c® TO I ®l 6 ”t!itcas 
Rcm ®®t aleac® ®"ic<M ®w RRjs *1351 ata®ptat $1 cakc-ia ftc® «ca acpt 1 ®tafit w"» atca 
aita g® ®aca atftai atroa ftc® "^c® asp 1 ataaaa 3 a"e®a*iroan®, ®aaanaaai 3 t’eatpia 
ana ia®$ afeaf's as 1 ata^KPtcs capinnsa ana ana anSla aSlcai ftcsa arnica asi 
®iast®saicaafcacas®pt *tl% wj*®i« wj ahi*® ftc® 4 ftcasta 1 

atf^ ohlwta as® atf^s t>h®a i l Rats® is ®hnH PiwrS %as i isa * ^ ? iiia ^cs ««« «rj«i 1 
aft faft ISitc.*^ stant* at anas, ®ca 3® a** ®si* ®Mc*i aft sc^w awes* ftc® ^c® s^csh 1 


H<fSHt site® ana 1 ’jj tfn® aa, w a®»t ail'jje® 15(6 eaefoi ajaafl «nc*; ca^ a®a atl^a 
siiSlcss® 156 cs% ^lat 616® 1 




aisles* frtsftts isifowoi aw as sHtf <s®li> statas aiast 
ate® 1 atsat ala wini a^c® 61% at c&ft, ®ss ®tsat aft 
ca a*gftc® as acatt ®*t seas® 1 ^ as? aa ftaa a^jc® 
sfa^s ®*<,» ana, aiata aft ^ftta ®4te ®sc® ana 1 
aiats a*?fl> aft aftftft «i*»suj an®, ®ws stf® ^1 
**$(tc® atsic® aia ai css ^ftia <5*r ®ac® atcai 
c®nsi aa a«f » ^as ^ft» ®ac® arai aa c®tcst *»^c® 


aw aa steals ®ft®as ®cs ssift® stap^fe® as 1 


j 


w aisai csss ftStwa aaa ^sr cac® ^t®tcs ®®®i « ^t a*n4 aiaat at® ®st ata 1 ft66wa afti 
ftsa®sm^*ft®csi- 

•siftj® carol aa scats at ®acs ftia a 5 ? ftts atana ata® afts^ita a*? ^s® gftn® aaaaw asc® 


ft®6caa *Ma ^aft aanfti war a^lc® a®M ®w iaac awst ^aasa *wa®ca 1 

ftWcaa sw ^at cac® caacw a® w, cftcat a»? ftwf «c® ®bt aa®ns aftaiia aBtc® ana at 1 vsf 

fta® at®ca1Sa®taftitaai®c®?H[, ata aftfla ai®pt1Ss®is®[ss gftc® i tsaap!aac®3i® 1 s*§a a 

stffc ®tst wpst 1 aSk R®t«* aaa 3* cac® w^is aiaat swat am 1 

aists RSm*i« ass ^st cac® aflat ata ca, a*?® ®s*tia afla^a attic® apt aftts cac® <a®st ft* 

aiata®ac®acai ®afa at a*?a ®a"tw afia^a ■«c® aiar ®et at ®aw ant ®t6 aw aai ®it 

ftSliifl aaa >|at cac® acaa tfta® aast ateatatai ftSScaa aaa j j«al*ifiiwi at l^st ®a?« ®aa I&01 

®d ®tc® aft%®t3t®®ast crttt ®» at ax alti^la 6aa l^ai ®ca ®ta afti afta^a ®Bt ® 

®antc5*t®nt®n®aaacai 



(to 

Nature of force 
*4 84: 

fei®H ©8t8 •Riwa 8Pia *rcwt »iwiws afes 5ii?i awa a^pte faf^g aataai ama 

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8fel RaSl® feas 5S88 5^8 8£85 *J®> 55 I 

?toK 88 : 

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5C81 4*84 88 ®8t 'jaa'st 8C88 $81488 I 


tel 88 : '5®5)®PIW888 8IC8f*l88I88IC5WIC8l <54® 8*5 £4^814 I 


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fe£5 , 8te 8*5 8 8£8T 8818® £88PTI 553118 £*$ ®4t8 ^[4% 8*5fi>t4 *4 8<C8 8lt I 

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<5114 <8te4 88 88t 5£5 8K8S I 




if iiiiilicfii i?iil 


«.« ' 3 TtHT « ^»T 

Balanced and unbalanced forces 

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lf®[ 5>^ft 515115*115 5TC5 1 C5 WfWI 515715*5 JjRi 415 4OT5C4 515J 55 5t5 I 
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®BT Ur 7 5151 fr'IuisRw 135555155 1 451FI 41 l J?Jt 45h « l<M5Ho^t 


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l4ft®5K55l t/ 

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1 1 451F1 *[$ 5553 2j*TG 55 5P1t _ 


Momentum 


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aiarc® afe-nfl) <3^ araia “wit's ?c3? 5 i*k<p i 393a Jfa <93^31% >93^ aR>c« af^^ta awiat^sBfa 

£3 CSM 3lf"t £3Pt 313*t^BI'St5Pn >93'S3I3 5 1 1 

MICHI alWH 3*$C4 «fl3l£3l WS artJ313J 3t ^f®3 «3t3»l 3W ®13 9^1® afiSaM I «3C3»1 3FI3 ’IW 
Ji“1PP'o I R$®t.as R>?ls ^JCS >9 aH^f® 3l5*il'M'e«lt9 31831313 1 


3®, 9^f®3*$3«3 = m 


:. wiia’I p- mv ( 3 . 1 ) 

®3£33 9^f® £®B3 3IPI I >93 133S C3CT3 ftt3S I 

»l3)<Pa c t (3.1) C3l^ £331313, WlMl 3>'{9 ®3 3® £3f*l 3£3 <93t3 T ? 3® {JS 3at3 ®13 '53t3 5 t8 

9^3: ®?rcac33 9^3F1t, ®E13 93^3 x £3133 93^^13 kgxms' 1 3t kg ms’ 1 I 
1 kg ®£33 £39E3t 3^ 1ms' 1 £3C3 33£3 <93 'oat<p| 3£3 1kg ms' 1 
'53taC33 31311 : [p] = MLT -1 

Effect of force on motion and shape of a body 
33jf 3*1 M3MI 1*13 3*^d3* 3f®^)a sail® 3l£3 

333 £^t£3l C3M31® 1*33 <j®aac^ 3*£33 ®33 ^ 3Cf? £331 313 £3, <E®3a1® 1*13 ’33’tl £3W £3 
fe3s l$aafC£4 1^3* 3531 ?K« £3 3l%%t 33 I ij^aaf® 1*13 ’33»IT tW 'ISa 31® 

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faasi 

3^ 33 aRi^la 3*53 £33 <mc® 3t£3 

I ftOT ^81: 9^3)5 *t(flCHI 3!t4*1t4 alC^al® £3 ftt3s 3l^£9 31£Bt £3 33133 CSWI 31>S I # faaw 

C3CPIT 



<te 


4K^lft 4TW 5? 4J1W4WII 4f%^N C’KSW ■'JTCWta Iwh’f 4j*4 


<rat, wtufir 8* ftwfl* e*i4ftr *it4C4 flat 4tc* i '»lw ortw «4t* flwt <fiw 4*m i *r 
*c*< B'Hls 1ft V'S 4i4 «t4l«;'^I 8CWt4 4lM*t fa^HIS S48CT 8*11 
(flm flWi ^iw 4ic* 

fat^i CWI <4 W I 81541*1^ ft4H» ft* «t* *H4« ftl’rt WK8 4J1t 41*1 4I4W 80R I 4jft TOT 


881 4ft *RI 18IM' ft(.8 4ffc^t4 *B I <41 Wi ftcrt **lfl>* ^*4 VH I 



▼J* 4Mut* ♦** 8t*f* «M* 

W41W* S4I41I4 84* »(.k» tnlwi nut* 144K4 


88*l*SI844<4lt'»H L 4CB41»8«H.4* 

wi9#mi 

1 84I4T4J4* ft*1* 4^ 414** HWl 


ftpit* ?vc8-Vo* 4iwi 4i»* 4JM wmi la c wi 4tfy* «a « ««* 4fifcffct act i 


«.% ^ tfRltflCfcl -ftttwtl fWt* 5JS* 

Relation between force and acceleration- Newton’i lecond law 


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R4twc flit* *p 14W 4*$* 84* 0*1^4 W1 <44t <t* 814 H*l** 4PG 8*44 814t 48* I Tjrffc 

^HT' 



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.". •viplt* 41ft xwtrl ■ mu 

:. C"f4 8*144 - wv 

t44c*44$*4*TC4c4* , tfiWN - mv-mu 


S8 

^ssIK, 'MCic’IS 'tfia'scis ata = 



= kF (3.2) 

4 *hct k aiasR! aatyitl^as saa i 4a ata awa arataa ©aa fa©a as® i <s afteaa cw awa 4ast$a 
’i^tufeataa i awa ataw^aataa W5a (N) i 4 4W4saa?st araa'sttaowatasaic® k =1 aa i 
aaa m = 1kg, a = 1ms -2 

wF=iNaat^TO®af^(3.2)5#*aiMixi=kxiat k=i aa 
^saR.'sa m ca kg, ajaa a ca ms' 2 f ca n -aiat 34*1*1 4*aw arfifoaa (3.2) caia* ateat ala- 

mo =1_F 

at F = ma (3.3) 


awaaian s [F] = mlt ' 1 i 

4tf*lfaa $*tlaaa o.i : 50 kg ®aaa 44*15 4*^4 ©aa ■ 

= 50 kg x 4 ms’ 2 
= 200 kg ms' 2 


i ataia wit aw 44 ajaa 4 ms‘ 2 ata ? 


SP^a W, m — 50 kg 


aa, f= t 


$ea : 200 n 

#tffe4>$ai4a‘t! 

ata? 

| ataat®Pt 
F = ma 
F_ 

50# 

20Ag 
= 2.5 ms' 2 
©W : 2.5 ms' 2 


1 50 Naaaiat 20 kg ®taa 44*15 aatta aw caa i asf5a'$a3 ^*® 

atataw, m = 20kg 
a^saa,F=50N 
acwnsaa, a = ? 


•Wtffefla <tt 

o.i 'felt « dlifosl a»r- PtSikis ’j'Sfa ^5 

Action and reaction force- Newton’s third law 

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aa, wir§ <sfeS -sRatwa 'aaifeSt'®^ aa 'an *awf& a*§a fea fell i ^ R<w(k<p aiafe'® 
ajffliw aal aa- 

atw)^ feiis$ ' J RP « feSM dRifeii aitai 
iS|16 R61>t<is ’iRis j]«i liv’u.'i HSfS’o i 

fek RS'Ems ^a ^al^alcsi felt aa o affcfeit 'icna ala aata fe^ awa l o-a 

Bui) p ala q s-^^nts %aa f /aa stcaR^ta, oaa ^jaRpflca q ■^^ITS’s p s-^s 3Ha ^^r ® 
feiH's^t aa f 2 srcaw ^ata i awita p a*^ a*^ Q <i-^s ®aa «to«p fell <n <aaa q a*§ a^as 
p a»^a fea a^ wt afisfeit aaain i 



^oaft, fiStws 'J'Ha jjuil-jalca, F 2 = -Fj 

aw*fta pi, feiiaa isaa sfafeji aaaaaaat 1^ a*?a fea fet rbi i siRfeii aafi> w*Ha 

strata aowa fetiaaflf araca i 


affiafcaatftt 

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caataa at aiat affiSa t>aa ca<wa fe«p IWaasica life? a*t acfWa#i 4 aaapttfett aa i ’|>€la*|a[ 
R^tft acaa feffe aRbfed aa aI4fei awa dstiaataataRsta $aa fea 
4 )Sm aaR a$ i 







\s.b- ■wB't ^ar e ; 

Conservation law of momentum and collision 

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'ssisota cbiwi bb bi i 4fS biw, bbcboib bwb*i ^b i 'Mmsk bwtb bhi^R&iwb 

I >!| SIRub B1IB BlPtCB 'Blssl ottBBBllBIBJpni BBC'S Blf3 I 

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BIBTBvic^s bIj'sb 'S'lls.B'l I 

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F=— mu 

3 -nSls-ifD aw bisbi ««(,<](.5i3 bSb^iw Rbb.^ sbib •mw bi®- 

Fxt = mv-mu (3.4) 

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^t, m,v, - m,«, = -m 2 Vj + m 2 « 2 
^1, mjU, + m 2 u 2 = m,v, + m 2 v 2 


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.SFt o.o : 20 kg ©ws <k^s 2000 N ^®l 0.1s ‘pw I 

©scst’ls ~5W? 

ssftSRJt «nf^ liWIOT, 

'sawpia x *pm 

mv-mu = Ft afS’PT, F = 2000N 

= 2000 Nx 0.1s <C*W 0>ill mt=0.1 s 

= 200 kg ms' 2 s ©scsi’tfl 'ifas^ , mv -mu =? 

= 200 kg ms 1 

: osw’ta *115^ = 200 kg ms’ 1 

’llRf&s> Sited o.8: C«W 500 ms* 1 CTCT 10 ^r?f6 »|fSt ‘dj.t.'psl B3 2kg 

5CT 'Wk I 

«I3T ^ *Ipl3 CStfla '5«frc JTSp ft<P «iHN4 I 4<nw , 

?rem^c«CT'siW3it«flft »i%®a,m/ = l0g 

1 = 10 x 10' 3 kg 

= 10' 2 kg 

’P'g^a'sa, mj = 2 kg 
*1% 'Sttfirw't, «y = 0 ms' 1 
, =(ltit.<H, ui = 0 ms' 1 
Vi = 500 ms' 1 
| <nt<ps *rew w*t, Vi =? 

■s'Itct «*t vtw, to* i 

: ’IW OTt = 2.5 ms' 1 

O.k RsM*T *lf% « ^»1 

Safe journey : force and motion 

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pfjkgm (5) kg ms' 1 

(’l)kgmV 1 (5) kg ms 2 

si 5 kg'itssi <3>£?i 's’® 50N^ianrM^T3OT, 4si^jsi t t5C4- 
m 12 ms' 2 N8im' 2 

(’0 13 ms- 2 (5) 10 ms- 2 

<t I lOkgTSCRl ^lc»il <>*'$ 10 ms" 1 CTC’1 5 lfe%l4l’l <93 'saMO 3E5- 
m 10 kg ms’ 1 <<0 120 kg ms 1 

(*0 100 kg ms" 1 (3) lkg ms’ 1 

3. Sft| 

5 I 4 kgSIstil <93# <151 >93# OT3I3 ®3a fet 5W3F1 #13 R3 1 451 0 OT3I3 PWFPISr 3#1 

-sro -srpr 3?i l .5 N i 9*lk<s #t3 eteuts <a?t '$3 c i 5>i 0.8 ms" 2 1 ^noa 

WIMIM ‘S’p? 33 acuM Owi wii i 

50 ’H9T3 5 r'^t93S31FI? 

3)3rf<t3»lC3R®<!?1g3S? 

0 ) SW9 C^CS 3^fl>3 ®33 St*£3f <K*M i|H f^fn 5*3 1 

5) 'B ’rtoRlM fflMW ^*1 OlsN'i'l 9C4? ’tlfif'&'WM 3333331 I 

*r. wiaa 

8 I waal 5W 309 1 si'Sal 3® 3313? 

^ I 5*1 <Pk<P 3OT ? 

a I C3I Ml 1^13 3*?3 waal 513t 5©5IM 331 33 ? 

8 I 5151 55 <s opilNJ 5 s ! 3903 33t ? 

<t I 031031 5*53 ast.<pl 3103 3c9? 

3l<yNieC9,3 5 ! = 33x^3'ti 

<1 I wlMi’to '3(93*1 3903 #1 331? 

tr I 3^9 5W 309 ? 8313 3^083 <00 f*W I 

Li 1 3*fa <93# aoaiw^la §535- isa^’W^TWe 1 



■5^ 'Wtfl 

-»p»H 'Q’*t% 

WORK, POWER AND ENERGY 




NWIpm smjIV* ©aw wai aw wit awe ’Hi4R«ki w wn ■naffi; ipW aisHka ^aw i <at 

aaiTCaa laps awst Pit awirca ®*wiPn> asw i ft«icia »h»«i %a aw i awr aratws 
af$wst«iac>Tft'l%a)?T«!*K«is»ii flftgfPHiwMft *tfc i KWh w?a war »ifti%, ^yfar «nfs»a 
Sna aawiwa wai fasa a%, aaft we!S» at swift® fen. a* a%, <sw a 5 ?* ®H iHi, aift® wfit 
®f^a 'ift t®JiR i "i% ww ■aa^a wa ani^ca ytfafS® aw, aft« aaiRiia put ifta 5 ®aw 
(, iaaa -jpiM i iat oisjka aiaai aUsr ^ii’^ww aBat aar Rwkaa x iaafl> 

■nwH-iVi'ola fata ^k*iioHI asa 1 1 

ai$»TOm«tftciw«!tJur- 

i. aw ® i i%a •*i»i4 aiwt asa® asa i 

t. aW, ^»I « 'siC*rr ^r“T^ WH-i asi® ’IBRI 

«. 9||%-»t%e^Ba’ , t%-aiKiia s ai® , ii?K>saaRflW asve *isni 
a. S^af^s aifor^st® *ibr i 

i. >lWI(®Ta e afifta'ffla dala Rwals 't^Sl JWH ®mh Redan aaiw 

«*RI 

®. '*t%a yil r >®s >aaa -ifes R'aj'ais ri«ij ■a-rf'ajNJt ast® ’flaa i 

a. afta ^'ii'w « a® ajaata 'ifiwwa ahwuu ajia® am rjhit 4* w asta i 
V. S^iM at<WPI 'tf&a a]<mi <u<w)s ajiRjt asiw auai 
a. "iUfs atfaa « ftsma aiaaiui to®*) atar i 
>o. ®a-'i%a*n^#aiMJT’sit®«iBRi 

ii. aasTRJNJtaaWllaai 
ia. afo'aw! MSaM asw lisa l 





«rt 

s.i 

Work 

#Irw wttRT ft* Rste rrot® R<«lw ft"? CRttRl ^at ra& aw aa ai Re*lw 

RW Jwf5 %RR ^ R4R =»Qn <WH RtCSISH RfakH ROT ROT JWffi R1RT RRJSt f!te?H I Rift Raw 

isbi aw ww i caRtat taw r^I at atw JjatfS eafat era allVi, Rtsa eateas dftR 
raRNWRI W< RRCaH RW ra CRlallk* eiftMl esWWR 5^t Plft egtC®R tea CRsWlR era 
OT5 1 twI^M Ji*p*iTCR w>53 fttas ftatpra ai*[jRt ^iw 1 rrr 

HIWWH ROT ROT RlRSIT Rl te Tift C&& ctcS R1RBT ftC3R ft*Rt CHl^llS aft CSIWfl tlW CSOT OT5 

straff aw rail ft«iw riotr ?*wf*w #ra ^twa ae^a era ft^w 1 rwot ft»iw aw 
ra era ra o ^sta atw aaR a$rt> iws aai wltii *i^« Saa cs»lc*ti <r &«i <«« aft raffo 1%g, 
rat at® ®ira era raf wt ntrarr aMwa ^hIHm #ra «ikie>M ■raw arata 'raw fcatra 
eara> aft 1 r^ arck *nw thw, <iwi af^s efcat *tti$ iW«.r, af^ntPfsBi e^fc tfiia c*n*w 
R fH ^jlR I 

■toil SnUjHtOTl Rcrihi rat aw : 

Wsw jw ’iik-pb at aw feu ra ^iI^hi atca 1 

(4) 1*W ~i>rl4Ri««ii atakiM> efcw tER™ S’® ftnt jw at*® caw rat aic«e Rui aiw 1 
(R) ^1? nwfiJ aft rjIRct P11$ fra $ra S&lw 1 
(a) caSlilft ewes «aww e&ra 1 

wwa, <=Wlt 4*1 4MI t'plc.-il rrj HWt*l ra$ (WW5, -jaskSliFte (4) JIR<.(4)- 

as tw ^fiw raea; 1^? WiwW® mi eatOTt rat ^sfR 1 ^ist wipti <i«?c.f 
arfttE •ii'ik'o’it a^^n 5 ! t«iiT ^* 1 ) wiiii Pn» ^1 zImh tuva *ti® 1 '"iksi ^*1 raw rat wmi <Ks?a 
®irara *?$ vc »n1i 1 a *w*i c^eai ^t®t as 1 

itwtk RiJm aPw wihi IRw c*i>twi araa wTsani to 5 ?, 1%fR liWRi tS Rw >*f 
cnfs'lk CT4l*f ^SP»k Ssfit era e#t "?W ■vsis'i, w<ikl «tt=? esl%^ # I StCSM "Wit's 3S I '5tPP 
«rre3it (sPi 'To «» ra <iR (4R it hhihi t6t liiw-iis ®&h i ^itw kli*iH Wa 'ra ag® 
jr!. tjac^s ft’ta 1 e^ieki •^vjs tWsi a^Ra jwrwsi IRw oiRxh**!) ‘jacrs sfuw 
RiatRTO*i®Rl , iR i sil'55i ■gpaK 

= R*l X Rt*M Rw kRR'I'Ml ^5 

CR>Rkt R^st §R9 F RR flOlPt Rft Rf?f? RCRS S 
J| ra (1®3| : 8.i)^CR^^W PKRtR, 

W=Fs (4.1) 

■4IC«b( irHwI Rr> CR$ I R*IW JIRflf e*4*IM RlPl I 
^tWflRW : WSRRIaiTraRR x RRCTRRM 
•RIRf = x R8'l = ®R x rrH x RflR 




453 



:\W\ = ^ r =Ml}T 1 

■fkswi 444 : 5715 44414 'plc'^ 444 ft65 *p 4554 41545 444 318111 45 I C45?5 3545 444 
RS5*I (N) 455 >iac4S 444 475 Wl5 (m) , ^45H 53545 444 453 RS54-ft@15 (N m) I 414 43 
43 45 I 4454 J ft5S 341*1 451 45 I C4I6HI 35J3 @35 44 PraM 55 3513545 454 5ft 5 J ?fB5 5715 
ft54 i!|4 ft@f5 453 43 455 4*3sl 41545 3^31354 <34443541 

1 J= 1 Nm 

5ft ^ 3531535 454 3*5; 3545 ft54 455 513 41554 54? 41454 3545 5151 414 354 1 

44ft 4P®15 5Sf5555 @35 5554 5555154 5455 ft55 '®14>15f@ 4%4? 5555 34155 ft5S5 ft54 3®53 I 

454531 4f§4? 5151 414 45554 1 


5ft 55 3551535 455 4*S» 5555 ft3f)4 ft54 455 515 41455 55? 55454 5555 ftg74 414 555 1 
44ft 4t4>ta 5ft 5554 C354 (Sf5555 @35 Silc*ll 45 41455 4f@4? 5555 f5554t 554 455 I 5444t, 4 
PF531 4%4? 55 55 ft54 f45t 455 555 415 ft3f|4 ft54 45 I 

31ftf@4 @41553 8.> : 70 kg 4555 44 51% 200 m ®5, 314155? 4155143 4555 f@ft 44 414 45555 ? 


4t35T4lft, 

W=Fs 

= 686 Nx 200 m 
= 1.372 x 10 5 J 
@45 : 1.372 x 10 5 J 


8 .* 


45t55, 

3%5 45, m = 70 kg 
41, F = 3%5 844 = mg 
= 70 kg x 9.8 m s 
= 686N 
453, s = 200 m 


Energy 

*t^4J?I 54l55Tf%5 5554 51 414 4554 5155 511 4t5t555 C?55 51415 457 *lfe 355145 45 I 3ftift5 
4t55I 55 554 4ft4tft€a 455 415T555 44j<g »tj^f 4155 415 @35 1 41551 55 51515 51? 4t 5554 4 *% 
51? I @%545 ^f*«S 447 *% 4t53 I 541551 55"315 414 4515 45J *t%5 355145 45 I 541551 5415515*55 
^$75 575415 455 41515 54155181 ^t4lft ^f®55 3% 515 I ^WlRd 5551 5% 4ftre 5154 1 
*% 3454 41351 '#t3ftt?*% 3454 541551 3*^5 414 4515 4P$J54 ^554 «llft I 55 5^5 414 4554 45$ 
415 5551? 5% 5154, 555^ 554 4554 555! 51415 5551 6415515% 5154 5t I 


41551 555 5ft 541551 5^5 453J *% ftl?4 4154, 455 4143t 5^5® 451 ftsfgt @35 55 35515 

4554 5171 454 415 §55 414 5*515** 4554 5155 I 41515 41551 555 wIlil vgs @55 414 5*55 5lf4, 
455 41551 415 @55 4|643 555ft5l3 *% £515 455 5lf4 1 




’■hl^Resl'l 

CmtCat aa^a mW mala ala^tt 5Cm 1% I mW mat atca *t%Cm arm WWI «im WIT «ta*tlM $ai*®1a® 
manaia 1 ^ acm a^l® aacal® ca afilaia aw mac® area 'si? aim af% i c'iw'?, cmiwi a%a 
aBata mat aa ®ia atat apag mil.*™ aRaw oiw, -^skaf^ « mRwi aRaM mf® 3 ] i 
m®ata,^®mW -atfil®a% 
a%a t*k*ii Rm eit i <pitw? *t% camaia atf*t i 
»t%5 aimm <3 ^|(.«B| a|mm ajmt aiai®taCat ^1 (J) I 
a%a RRa : Rl®a amta aw mala mar mtatita Rfejj aacaa a%a aiawa ^a i ppm aiR aaa 
mai® aca ®ia atawa aa i aaffi ®a , iif®m am cairn aiaat mtcat af^ ait i miaat ca waStw aR 
®ia ataj am *1% Rft® mica i cmtcat am?im miaitaa aait® at ®aca ®iic® caf*i a%a acawa aa i 
cmttat Zaijifta ?wa biaic® aw R^pa afoa aiawa aa i ®f^a cmiia aiataRm R&aia aiana rniaai 
aiataRm a% ait i >aa ijmat maw am aRta aiaw fevs aia i aaa RSENwa^a wist area a ®tc® 
®aaR®#taa%R<i®aai 

a% ana awt aaa aR^la i a% at «naw aaa aaa aca m^ca i rnicai a% area acat aiaai ctac® 
ait, aa af& mica acat miaat ‘jac® ait i aiRatm ato ac^ilaw rniaat aaicmat mac® atfH i R>$ta 
a1%a aiaiwt aiar ^aca, mamiaaiat aaca i m aalRca a% aiamca Raia maca i cai®mf®®tca ataal 
afma Rtj(i« ^a^cat atcama a# i aai- atRaim a%, ®ta a%, aa af$, mtcatm at^, iJl-aa af$, 
Ripaafe, aiaisRm a%, R®#la af% ^ai c%taRn 

afta aacaca ataiaa^a aim aiP«a> af$ i emteat a*^a mawta ai aRa miaca ®ta aiat ca af$ RR® 
anas ®tcm aiPapp a% aca i >at m^cmea mlaat aiRaw a%a ijtfi! ®ia- afea aaaia ca a% ®i 
af®a% iaaa«ia j aiwsi aaaia caa%®tR®aa% laical faca aicain^i wa i 
«tf®a% : mtaaT Rw® caaia caai® ait «iw^ aaa &t4® wi ■a>i“ic<s miai® ^ia ®iias ®f^ia Ria 
ala i epical aacba mniaia a® Rm aiai® amw aaa cbcs aia i fia tp? 'aia at aat angt ata i >a 
Saiasa^iai cai^ caat ata ca, aR^la a^sa aiar al^ area t c^tcat af^^ta a*^ ®ta aRa maj mw 
aatia ca aia^i are mca ®tc® «tl®a% aca i 


Rem ma i c'eiaia ataiaa ctftcaa at csiwa ®aa maa ata i "wtcaa aiaia <a^f® 
apwta>^aNi aaarDca* >ta»5a Rim afsRca (Stmt ate i 


a^^f® mraat cata> aia caa cam ? cStaaa ’Fia amaf® af®%t atat i >91® ®ta acat ^lm ; aaia ata^t ®at 
aRa% mana i ca mar a^ta* aalc® ataa i 

caaiat Raa am?c® caiaa aaaa mat mia af®%t caa mala m 1 ? acm a 3 ^!®!® ajaa mat i 
«ita <9 maj aa acaM mai® aca i mca a^ja ®aa mtm mat aca i ai® a^sf® mw mala aia^t at® maca 
aai a aw a 3 ^!® al®a% Itcaia mat atmia i ca rnlaia ama aaa aajt aRa%a aRm# i aaj 
R«Ri®miala a aRatamwaw^mai® ataca i 

aat aim, m ®raa aimf®Rta •q'-saSaaFwtaiaiamaia 9^1® vcaaaiwaiati aataim, >9 aaa 
aa^f® awa Rim i mRma met i amff®im ait caa Re® ^® mwt a>^a i 




o- 


Iftas.A 


o 




v 2 =u 2 +2as 



:.E l =±mv 2 


l« = 0 ] 


(4.2) 


5|f%»l% =ix«X («S1) 2 

afaaft <pja ®taa ft^a I <K£>* 55 a xre caPt 55 W aftHl&s W CaPt as I >*W$ caCT 
oslals fttas aha*! dJfta <i"i 'ata sswft '5# liw aa ftt^a asst aca &«>» aa Axil's caPt 

5CS! 

af%a% cacaa ^asa Ws asta 1 a*ga caa caPt '®ia aft*t%e caPt ^ca 1 <saifS Ita> cata <& test 
cstsnaw anar® ^ais cs x?ft 5ta ssta ®ts caPt ’ffe ?ca iS iwf6 aft caPt cata ai cassiaw ®nara 

aiftft^ ®aftaa 8.* = 70kg'stas ‘SasaR calsEfttsa aR>*lfo 1715 J %a 'ela caa^®? 



asa,m = 70 kg 
aft »ll®, E k = 1715 J 
caa,v=? 


: 7 1 



Rwlti :aJtRaftaaWWiiWa«aNRa1l'&WtCata»j5a$a8a$'m’a1W5jtf!1'mS W»TC®aiWRt 
c®ra wac® aitai ataa at ft5 aaa aitaa $aa l^a f^i ®aH ®ia awi a% «pit %r i aHad; aaa ftta 
1C? WR ft 1ft aW TO! I aNafSa'Vtaia%f*tft’5far WRHt laft^^cawiSacafta I 
iW1t> ftda.v 1 > 1 R ?B a>SJ >W RW <nps RW Rf5w CRC? IftCR 'ft RWf <K^'m ^p> <api 
aamtaa aita am aica i fta Sir % aft* ffcia mima % aaiPr ®ta tot «i% rS«® % i 
>31? W aac* RtBII l3lRl!lRfe|lSRfaftft®f^l<mmt iqfi>fa^t«l<l*ll«%l 

■«irolR*i> Ra*tH CRW Hfi'rii TOT WIHI •trg'-"? RRT ■=i«Hlt.i Rt ■'stelR'V R<wit ’iRaii RBI RRT 

wlwi a-mita mat* a*? atw aata ca auftt aw alia fasa 1% am i 


$ CmtW C*IWt A R 1 ? fttE ilaw RBT B R*$ fcaor fcita I A S'Tpft RHSt ^WIRR ”i»Hn fltW 

fcaot atais asica ®ta csaa aw astt amfr ®at ft®a a% afa® ^i i R^b I%oi qi-nc® 
ai* «» ara i b a>$c4 $*ra silt® ■•ra i 

aftmt : >aaft ftuftoi >« ■wap'® <aa>f& 'j? atm arttaw wm attw <3afi> 
wm^asi <u*p*nc^ iflaffiR^R’BWiifc’fiiWTRamti <a<R s^ltc® aa dt«H *?« ft)<fl>ca 
’T5?ft®^R>aa<.5ap1ta'> ! itsrww«affia5 i ??iH(fS3ti8.§)i awaRisi!?^ i 

a«eit Wca nor at® c*M war ftpffi ’®ia 'rIiRji ftfaa aa*ttw ■ft® 
alast axa atw <mw Rian - rrt ■'isit.® Rian i %^T ‘ift ea'sRr 

•ft i maifta Ra*Hn at «m*tt mw nSn^a a>st cattat a*$w rri 
caltai RamH at Ramis rirw aft wtiat ams calmt aw aw 

as ana <^15 ft RlSaH aw a*ala awC nte ®c« aftfa R% naw act i 
irt wife ait& awa'i^a m Rat >wa4 mt, m$as*t, ditmasn, ftir 
wr S.'oiR* am muis atari lift awa maw ft ataa mwsi a*ir 
mri taaaaaprt cma, '*f$a ems ^®jiR i attaaraaa^jAi caw wiwi 
a^c-a isnoi w ataa f^pa i tw ftaj?1^s 
ftwa a^ats arari a^iH aft acy w i aSwa m*a mrc® 
anal 

m «oia CTltar a^w caw h S^'iW (ISar : 8.<t) Silt® 
mrrtROTa^jwaSrefasaaftaaftjflai «ata 4 ww^maraw 
a^a fcaa a^a m ^at a^a aiaa^^^la *ja^wa aaH i 



amalfif* aif-aW : <irmf6 »|ft te ^la ftaa iwfis 
a% aftta ai« i af$a iw sfltw iqa>l6 wl2t a^ A 
ism. «wa atw® apwt a*? b *ita caa a muj 
mwSanr laavsa^^jd! atw (Ru : s.u) i aj® 








ft®4 = a^^a am x Sk>'s| 

- mgh 

:.E P = mgh ( 4 . 3 ) 

^aftsaal^ = g^jg®? x arf&a^Bt^aa x ©®®t 

fasa a%a HSI 4 M OK* a^^a 5 ®«ls ©Pa 1 ©Sg gs® I ©®®t a® cgft 5 C 4 , fasg *lf^8 ®® caf*t gcg 
fgsaafe <v?s ®Caa ©Pa® 1 ©&t ®C 3 1 551 ® CaPtaeaftsaaf^S®® caPtatai 
caveat a»^a "sre«tr ftaa afa ataea gaa ®tw awis aac® gca gf?ea atta ®H7 ^gf®a gsca 
lac® ^ca i casta atcaa ©aa atat aiaa a®1© ®®aa (aP^aa 1 aa a®aa *4 ga fa»a a1% af®a%c® 
^ap®fa® gg ® 4 ta gf& gta cat® ai?t as.aca 1 

atpt1©a SalgaP 8.« : gafi> a^jg ®a 6 kg 1 gta '^ti cata 20 m ©ft>®ls asapt f©sa * 1 % a 5 ® gca? 
g = 9.8 ms 2 

matatPt, 

E p = mgh 

= 6kgx 9.8ms~ 2 x20m 
= 1176 J 
©sa:H76J 
8.0 *I%?I SWPt $«?! 

Main sources of energy 
a^gf-twa 4'SaH a®j®t af& gp^t ga ^3©® sac® atcg at 1 *ite RRaca aw aisgrata 1 aaa «Sc<st 
cto Ptata saraf^g ftsafes cam awe® gea 1 ©taa atsjig aiwyawa ^'Ttcat ai-jtaa *tf$a siRai 
Pta faa cacs© »<.aw 1 ai®1® a%a acataca alpaca" faatassa *i%a ©ma amt aw® ’aw 1 cjlatia* 
li>f©ca am ®aj a%g cam mig® atac® gpt *i%a ©aa ■a'ac© mtcaa alalia gtaat atat 
atswa 1 mat «Hf© ata am a%a ©aa 1 g gi®t® agsttpst a®F®ca ft©fsfatcaa RS#)a aUt ® 
^f©?tg w*®ca aaf&t® *i«® ©w® pat© caca at*® af^® af^g ®«?t ftcaca RcafS® 'aw 1 ^%® 
a® *1% aitca ®ia aiaaaiEit cateatat caisatsttaTjti cgcamtgt7{ti1©gggjg?®gcg©£®f© gcaegi 
«lal«R*a/a(WlR ad? 

aiffiaatta at*p ag>a atew ’jcai’jfa R®a aa® ®ta caPt af%a ©aa 1 gaaa at^a appa apt afn gag 
a© afea f^l®^ ate® aiagta aac® aiaa 1 a© af^amtcai^ftaaw. (StRaag aaa ?«jila at^a 
a®® 1 « am ai®t a^a ^ta *t% atac^i® *q ai^aata caw a^gal^ ©aa^ ®at l^t a®t®!a 

ataBw ®®a 1 aia^naa i?ca at^caa '5t4taf©a i ©^f© PU^acati %! ftaa ® ap^la ©fatcaa 
®tt^ana aqcaa « a^caa caPt a%a ©aa R©a®t asfaca laa 1 aMi%a alalcaj aqa RR>a a"aiaif® 
state® am 1 g afa a% ©aag ®ata atar aiiatR acaiw 1 fiPsg a®ta ^tatPtw? ®t© mat *t%a 
©aa feaca ftcasat a# 1 




a®$RHaM 


®Sat : af$a ©la^lFTla SCSI ®s°lls alsiofe CaPf I ®S®!l iS®fl> £®a a®$ I ^fPt%C® 4® aSS 
«na® ataaiat fnai aajf®® Rafs ® jgfsiRaanna anna ai®t at aw aiffia Res star ac? ®a« 
ire an® i amaa ai®t e ®t® ataisR® aRaSnsa wr ®sats fai-elS'® as i ®sat ^ns aaiafil ®ia 
areststsi iafB ®®f©®1© a®f&re ^taiRi ®na ^laifa ftnana ajaaia sf®t« wi caw as anste^ls 
aaR SsaiR® ret i ‘aw? msj awes, caw ana, ®iaas|®st, nafifH, ®msiRsi , ?gRs a^R> i aij(t ®sn® 
® ai#a ®fip t>iam® ®sat stay® as i ®pR® ®ns ®sata asm stasia R^m ©asms n®c 3 i 
®iaf®ps c®7sa asm Saws ®sai i 

®sat stfa® Rips ©asms c®«is asm assn aw ®ft aia®tnaa n$tst fsfaa ana i n%t ®fa® 
^fa>a ^fa? ana i <s® ®fa® sR® sp g^a, f®"^ ®t ^a,,3m ® ana faw ala nsna c®na, aa sssa 
®na sjaaaifta aispa natal® ®at®t®ss>®na canal 

aRsi c®a : a^a ®mi®s asm ®sa aRst c®a at nadjiRsts i ®tsw a*j®is natfiiRsnsa atssia 
®®t® ana® i ansa ^ss can® *g[ ana ®np®®s aRass aia^at a^a§ sia ataaia ansns i 
caOjiPisia can® R~piPi'o n®a catjia, atsa amsia ©aa ns®st Pis, c®GnPm ® sisiatnsa ®ar ata?® 
a Mala® ata at®at ara i afaasnsa ^PitR Rnana naeSnaa ^fs ns® i cacEiRsis can® an®! atest ala 
amm asm ^fars aasi ®^nat anal ciiisPia, afscsaJis, s^HRaa ^jiR i ®ai®r caqnRsis nan® £®R 
aa amt a®a aatsR i <s®aa aiaaia ai®t an^® ®a ^a aiasis ^taiR ftnana i csdjiPists®ii® aisSla 
asm stasia scat ®fea « silAs® af^ ©satss i canfiRsis ®®f6 anffia a® i ®f6 £®R scans na® ® 
arfSiata fifta i aiiffia ®iaia ca® anaa ®<i aiaa ®aa ®Raw anaa c®ai ^®aa.ca®Raia aw awsia 
c®a ®^ia aianaa anai aft® csai tiaPla# ina can® % aa c®ifi> aaa ®na a^jga ®anana 
aiaR® Raia wta 3®na ataaw ® ai^@® aftsiatacfaiai aiaiaR® aRa®wa®na laat^aiwfa® 
aa aRw c®w i ®tetn®si ^=aa®naa ®na®Ra ai?a(®aifa® a^nga ®anana l^t i 
atfffc® aita : at^f%® ana a%a ®®l® aRf5® ®«?t i Rcaa ®na atwnana atj%® amaa amis 
ana® i ® 3 ® caaijnan®® ai^ft® amaa aiaaa ap caPt i Rfeg Pw ®iaawa ®a amis sca« i ®a 
amia aaia® apaiR feana i awtnana aigia ®n®f ®a ana® <ra?ia aero i ®^P?te amla anan? 
®na® ala ®iaaiata i amaa awnar ®taa% ®aaiR® ?a ®a^ ®t can® ®ta la^a c®?s ®«aiPi® aa 
Rgjai 

ai^f®® ana atoat ata can® i ^aSta ^a aaa ®bi can® 4 ana $csi*h ®at aa i ^R%i 
®®7®na as® ®ta ® ata ® qanaa ana ^Wa ^ aaaa i na®Piaia ^a om®® at^f®® ana ai®ai ata i 
ai-jl®® amaa aata ®ataia Pnaa ana i a®a al%n® #atai af%® aat aa i 

®ana afe ca 1®a1S ®aa a’an# ®lnai5at ®ai anataHnaa afe aiftat ana iqsjnat sp g® <jl 3 cs 
®nana i ^jR^ta a®ata ^1® ®a 3 at ai ®n® ®na ^ a®a ®aa naaa ®aat, aRat n®a, ai^*(®® ana ®ia 
a 1 ^ ®ct 15® aeaia aa maan® aaaiaanatai aat as 1 ®na *t^a R®a Sanaa ftn® ajana 
ana 1 4 a®a *t%a Raitn® 1 a®a ca a®a ®«a araanaa fan® st-p ®i^© ®ta mat nataa^f, 
atR aap nan® an® *1%, n®iata-®fst*i%, ^-®t%'*i%, ai^a1%,atnawiat®nfa ©safest ants 1 ^ 
©scrape®!! a®t® at acaw®na ^a Saa 1 s®ffis ^|R% ^rta ®nat can® atana ®®Ra 'rtw 
® ®a®t©aa cat® alia asaap atest a®a ana 1 ®tt a®a®am®aaisansiaia^a©aaa 5 it5si 




*18 

c^taa% : ^ caw pi *1% awat aw wtw aca cataa% i 'aiaat wtfa ^ a^a a%a Saa i aw 
afowitaww aw gat c<wtiwi t^iwteiw caca* < aiat ai ^ ftwa <«i?» 501? frsft atsca 1 caaa 
gttjftw wa "daw #aiai ^taift (wit, afiw cwa, appfew ana) «iigcg ajftwa aftsw c#aa% 1 
aiolts>h cacasgHgg^ foaaca* asi-nls ajaaw awca wimi ft? -isHciis wtw 1 a'Satca grfa -i|^(.«i> 
aaaaa aiaatcaa waj aiga aiaia aaw taw aiaa'a*! waca 1 sw at wfaw aw«i ^ aftiw wftaift 
wca wifla ^hicii ala 1 ^ fWii-a aiwa afta>awa aiatcar aRwPre wca ?®fa aa cata§fjt 1 a 5^5 
ai^tawtaw 1 

wc* cat : 13 cm at 20 cm caroa ijapsja ‘nwf® wawa a^a « aa $wat awa aw 1 
g^attw ^tfa 1>tw ^a aot aa 1 awwa t^nilt area ftca a^wa aracaj attwa taa 
^iwia caajt^® aa 1 aaica ai*iwa Jaaffiw ai«p at ^it gtw® aca atai 


cawaf^ca* ^tcwa caca aaatf^ aaa aww aiw ataata aat aa 1 aar, aw, waft latcaw aaw caWa% 
grays aa 1 ata "jfoca , 3 ?ft ?wfit aca at s$fti waa aai ala 1 cataaf^g wicat Saksa aw - 
t-nhia «atta faSta, cawia ^aia 1 

at?pa caha ataaia aca acaca catacata 1 caWwtcaa JaPrttJ acat >aa taa gc*fa aicai ajca <g 
caca* gap# wfwa awat aw 1 calacaicaaawiaaaataaiaacacai 
1 1 ^Sia taaca wfea *1% aaaaicaa war 4 cans atay® aa 1 ^ war ^faw taay ajfaa aca wia 
wiw ^acw area 1 


<® 1 atgica wwicaa cacae cgtaafi&a awaj 'ac*iasiica, aiat-aife at «#ca #>pa af^ taataa apt 
laatcwa slftai cattcat yw 1 

calaafo ataaicaa gftyt acal <9 a% aiaaica afitcaa ^acaa amigai aa 1 >9 afa arnica Racaa aiwi 
ca$ aaca^ aca 1 calaa 1 %a aaat ^scaa aca awata caicai aw«i cat 1 ^ af%a 'sit aaPw a1% 
ftaiw ^tatfaa faas %aca aiaaicaa aaiaat ta caPi 1 
waft^ja (ait^aia a^a fai^a) 

aif^ aataacaw a%a aaiwa ®aa 1 aifta cal'® e wlala-®ftica ajaaia a® a% ®aataa aai aw 1 
aaifaw ai% cgicw ftfag aacaa a% atca caaa afwa% a ft®a a% 1 aif% siaia at stiwca aiw 
aito ca wf^a at ft^ia taaiaa aai 5a atca aai ■aa aaft^ja 1 ^ftfta cacaa waft^a aaw 
wafajia ®aaiacaa war fea a% amis awl ■sa 1 aaiftw aifta egweas aiaais wra ft^ta ©aaiacaa 
aftaift aas 1 aifta cgicwa awicar aiwffi Wita caiaiwi aa 1 ait Wtcaa^a caca^ awica aif^ww 
a^ « eftwasate waa aticai aa 1 




daftteh ne 

dalR® dtRa Gfl® Ctta alRan 1 a% a*S5 ®® toHa> 'ife aa'nta ®%<t ^’Hth ®at 59 aft 4 




•BIBHt ®fSl'M ’TO at'R'tl'C I 'dlWW OTP t '^h#ft OTSJ dtR? R®a iQfW aWM 5>® 

=ft at a^csa aift* OTHrBt-®te -iftca* amitaa anrttt ai^a a*Ra uw »ilte atw i ctfRtta-®ft>!a 
-iRtn adt* nltel RRj( a-d »h*il« -uHtalt nodaRd «dl*ft S®lR® «s« I 
2PtOT t«tlala-®fl>Bnlfaa nklta) ®fea'"lfiaTOt aa»i®laalWa>WaBtt 5 l a^nlta R(4 r cnt"t 
CBtiro-sttia afte 1 arc*? *nf?ic*r ®1$a ©«flhwa o>4i t>*ii* i 

ai^a% : y&a | ei*i4iiJiM ntfcaja aww at$ daR® aa 1 an aaiaaR® Hlidliw aiaar nRaa* 

at ®1$>t a&TO |dl**4lS'4 Wt® *11® I afo fll*6&M df" 1 «l"d|Ca dW,<W TOT I an, 8MW4 TOW 
’Iltet dlSlaadcnd •Illegal n®1 CRTO dlR Wit, TO5W #HlcHI 5<9 j|R TO*f 'Wind amt»l I talTO* tfl 
nc*i b iibm an ilica <nw imiwi 59 1 aiSaiCTa^ataaiaa^an^aTOnteTO^^dmaTO 
Wl 

^-’®t% 1% : ^ J 5|'SI' v iWa ®t*Ka *tfaa Rwtd 9X519 TOtt CTO® *lt® I ^-«r#J"SOM dft® 

'stc'fir afiNH 19 ® caft ca TO ^Iniatta dte cant® men <a nR® ^Inlc® aiMnt atni 
’•Rastas TPI TOtmt aXtnt <9$ »IJI*WI ®*tBRI Rt® tetfs TOP! ’ll ytfp&n atlRafte ®at 591 9 5TO1 
WOTt 5t TOfc (Hot spot) TOW dIsllS® I <ttft 9 5$ "Itts TO*lrf dPT attTO dRd® 59 1 d$ 

am n- 5 ^ tot!to ns? arc 1 5i> mcBs tna ntf w ’tR’i ulte ren 9 ? amt® cas ®s niai ni« 
afte Mftd !jta Rgjnfen'fl'RTOai laSRnult® <9 s<pd Rjjs'5n 8 tt I H t<r?i nltn I 
nltahln ’1% : cann&a dafit "=gj W 5 |lt*t at Jtsp ntantnt tflat nltnin> ^^-< 1*1 dilate slnliifia 1 ■if&w 
iJdldlRM 5J9 alttlWW^W >II5«WI?1 RI%S( TOI t|^ft <tCT I 9IBH5W W® C 5 ^ ’R ?9f5 *WI<fc® 

tiicnat® iftM ®st ^wi jii^w aft arai Rpim aiwww atpt ®® ®tt® iliw 

^IhoGI® 9>® 5laida n>*in>H> ^5*1 ?I1W I altahlnta 1 ’ifoa itwfl) %«?! Rinta fiiit"l ®at 519 1 
J«R dnl4d^5 altnaca* altalnln Rtdta <M5W ^SlttlBf tn*j£*1l 5W ’Itl-’insft, 9(HlId ®li, 

®ti4s ’W, «ii®3r ^ « ^gt, »i®t-*ii®t, »n *11% ti®, rtla ?®jR i aicaNW swft® « 
^fttstltwd 5Btt «l6® I daladtaH) -Ilia «idj®*i altSWW I 

altakh <?tt® d5t® ®^at>R ami ala <IKIMJW I 9 ’BP! nlnal dl^!4a> ’bltna f%®S Rtnta 51^13 ®ITO 
ciddft R^It ® < fll*icds ®IOT« aia?ta amt® *lft I i9S SfWt C91 TO I •swl? l 919 I ai atCSRI 

wo cat® « aiRa Raa ju ®3,ait® ®w asiwt 5® aiwiMJia ®aa^ ^ i at awa aiaiMi cate 


5t®*i2®f3t : a®-® at% aftta* aac® niRwi 

t>lal$« <|Rta 9<Pft ®ladlcal elPlca TOlf^ja 

t4c-aa >aa# aw aa i 





ty« 16 5 I5S dlas? swai ! 

a% : R5#)« Rfoaifi twag a% ajaaja to ft^ja tasrsa ast to i ca ft£#)ii RQ>«ta sip® 
"ifew fa^JS tTOSW Siasla TOT TO Pit R&*iloq> TO TO R$i?ls flHH I iTO® tScsftalcss aTW 
RR*S *t%3 ftSSits Rftsl «mc.il TO I PiajSs ijpt® art Rfosl 'qulc.il TO I 
®s-a%a ■'i"i‘£ : RSiflii RR>«isi arsis'!® sai<t tot to wl&c® to i wit R$#Iti R&aw 
PlfS ®E33 CWI wft '5’)Wt Wife's TO I Waft flic's ^SWsfst® TO 5 ! aft E SBaiS *1% 

STsatSIS, VsITO 4 ! 

TOCSmawWfe® flTOR®®? ajaT.caW'Slcala caSSI3 x 10 8 m s _l TOTOtsi 
SfTTOI TOT CTO CTO? Wit fiTOT Rf&ilW W^IS wit Rftt! *lf^3 R®]H aft TO® t®Mft!IM 
ftiSf^siaw wist® tot ®lscs sns 

200 MeV = 200 x 10 6 eV = 200 x 10 6 x 1.6 x 10 l9 J = 3.2x 10 11 J W% ft«i« 

to i cscaj^ fiats fafoai wit '^wt fafsan , ^c'ia acar wilt wif6 Rtoi saslt® to wafa^s sRsm 

a%fa<feTOi 

ftsTa to 1 1 kg a*?w aft a^j^waftc® ^swsft® tot aia ac®r, ®isca a® ftnswsit artr 
«i%e<wgTO®Tf l ftcrosaifea^tdkWW - 3.6 x 10 4 J 

itt R1 S>«i«i sip's Hfoca* ftsfta® ®sics rasa asts ®it wit® tncsa wp'sSta w% ftcaca 
ftaaf^sica sp®i aro wsj ana csesr to i at ®s*® topi wit ftcta aw asanas siasicf ^ca 
assicsa fe®cas awia ®w® ana at titits ^ftcs ft^is tsaras tot i ft®#ls ftf&sis w ts 
ttcaftam crow ca w% wpsart ais ®i aw to ts asiat ^ffecs ateai w%a aats i 
sficscwa fcaa w%a^*tp®taa awa : R$#ls R^KSaaiaa airjSt tow® R$#la unR* a#i <s1%siana 
crorftaai wc ait s^jw ftarwa aftt® toi® araia aiwta ass sea arrow asrc® to i wt?! fttfta 
tplee S® 'oMaimi e wt £®f?l to i ®it aiw aaa wafil ftca ?®S toe® tow caa ®r asj toe® area i 
wiesi gtrEsr ca w awsw ®t wraai caifeca® t®ftroaa (a'taica t®»caa) csacaifta wr. waicaa 
Tpjftat aia wft®®t caw snfs i ®ca ft©#la ft^ra Saataca wfacacw fits ?i®a aaa taag to i 

aaiaacataj a%a alalftiw a®ia « ^ftar •. wwicaa alaiftt^ al<ica paisataPb w% ara?icaa ^aa waift 
si®ia acscai wncaa cacw slftaia ^iata sirjlro w% caaa wit, sfaw c®a e sit^lro ancaa a^i 
wft aro i ®it wiaicaa w%a sicaiwa catrc® w^ar tacaft^ ^t aja ana ftcaw caw aftw c®a, 
wit aiaaift aac® to i 'sisrcsa cacw ca aaw aaiaatawj a%a £aa acac? caveat ftewa tot 
arcawria taaraa a aiaaiia aSt wtocto ai^aw tya aac® aiaca aawt wiarcaa ’Si wcaa croisi 




ai^-w 5J35ta to ftpaSaataeaa too 'sprat a«ta Re® atR i »it^*n*r awea cataata 5j55ta ?ps 
•wu.® 'flaw ^wicua afta »lM'lts acslew ®i<8S''s 4 @55 <5W wSlcil 545 5C5 i 
'ialsii(/il , b at amlcsa SWT 5 ? ?|ft3tt 5C^-9 'S'W C35 5C5 51S513 '5l-t’«p| C5t I *s!5l'bl aEk«rl 35eaa 
51® C3W 5fH tl5IC31 5W5 4C5 I 

8.8 ’ 1 f%Sl 1 < 1t w S5f 

Transformation of energy 

at 9535 95*35 carets 95^5 yil'wB's 3ja? | 9 34tRc‘.| 5151 3651 3515 5ae5 afta 33t"®a l aie5 
5C5 I at 9^3"* C3W 95*lf33*3Ca yit"®f^ -«aTe 34lf3C3a Orffe at ®1®1caa Wit'll aRa'sa 5W "ft I 
3133, a'PaStla Rreat wical <T9w wical 3TO -wit's 5C5 treat wteret 30*51 31 aRa^a 3155 ^ac® 
5C5 ’ll®?! ^Il-Stsa atsl«ri 55 I 93*3Ca3 aftw '"I'U^t’Sl “1% Staww 555515 5*at C55® 5tC3 I 

sppsae’F, 933W3 at aiaraa^ «wjMi3caa ate® afifaf®® 5P?i 9f6$ afta 3at s ®a Reaea 
alalJ's I 555 t5® fafBni 5IW5 '555 'ft 55 1 tfta 4IC®3 '3K8C33 C3Ptat a>“l5l5 ®1ea 5lR93> ‘list's 
35!-® Is® 55 51 3333 RSRts^ca 5-5 -list's 351-® IS® 555 5151555 3*TC5 3555 ^53 1 555 3*l& 51 5f® 
C51BK51 55 '555 SWlaR® at 7J® 55 934 ®t ®15 s '=ilc«nl<p aloe's 35I , ®R® 55 1 93*ft ®1*64 ta>ltaa 
'=roj"®ta sMsRs> fatal 356 -955 at 5^3 Rtsls sMsR® 5% ®f®4 ate® sai-®ls® 55 5t 
515lR555t®f5J5?®55l 

93*3eaa RRS afifaia at «Hj$ta 3ai*®f5® 55315 a*®^ at atsat atea? afta R®j®i 51 
5swa%w Rf% caw ®t wtat 515 1 aft 555 95*35 caw w^ca afsiaf®® 5a *555 ata wtcai -55 
55 51 1 95* 5^ C3 aiata at 51315 'aaa 555 fSa* cat afslata aft ai® 3*ca 1 a^saw *51531 5*55 
wical aft 3® 3*ae® a® 51 51 at areas «e® aifa ati 'a^ta Rc?a aw®® at 'stsiraa wieat 
®ia®5j ae6 51 1 9 ft? ^Rfa aaa 33^ ea aRaia at fta ^tws aaiRct cat afifaia at atfaia 1 
9?1t afta ^R'llS's! 5t Raj's! 51 5433*5^15® I 1 

ata a®5=a^a®t ^f% : afta 51 taia cat, at waa 9*535 caw *553 9^ at 9^ifa5*3ca 
afiHRi's 5w atrar 1 55lRc?3 cats ata alaaia Rf<?® s 'aafSa'S^ta 1 
ata 351553 : aiasi ®itcat faf»a ®^I5 afta w acaft catcai 5a*cat atpacaa aica a^ft® 1 
wtcat 95*61 caw«Ri6iw aRa^a aaiai 9 afaataw ata 351^53 aca 1 sttaca ata aww di^f»a> 
a6aiwt afta 351^3 ftcaca aal caw atca 1 fats ata ^ai-'scaa ac3a*f5 651535 casat 5cai : 

5 . 5tf*sw ata 3ai«4a 1 51c® 51® aaw ®ia feaa^ 55 1 9wcai aiRaia* at ®ta ate® 3at"®fa® 
55 1 5*ac53 5ifa'3C5^faca5iRai5 s at aaatc®3ap'5R®55 1 atRaaa ai5i® atc®a Sara atw 
<s5a *sic® ftsa at aft® atw 1 9t aifa aaa aiaai at a^l3M Saa caw Res caw aura ®aa Itsa 
at afeaftc® aRa® 55 1 9t atR aatcaa 5151551 awi ifica R^ia Saaiaa ^ai 55 1 9®ica aiRara* 
at ®f^a ate® 351*® la® 55 1 

5. ®ta ata 35i"s« : arts ttca ®icaa ai5icaj aw taa^ a*Bt caaaift t®ifft bialwi 55 1 95iw 
®ta at aifaaa* ate® 3ap>sR® 5 W i ateaa ftaieswta 357 ftea ®%a aaie^ tfw ®ta at ancaia* 



a%t® ^ai*®R® 5 a i ^?f!> area awt<ia a<raw*tra reta straw aata ®ia ref®t a1%t® ^aarefii® 

551 

«. atrata a%a I’lm : 5®tatag ISaRt® 51® ftta aaa ag^® 55 1 isaita aiwla af^ reta a%t® 
!jai'®[s® 5c^ 1 ari>t-c®i«iu>?a (Wt?H ®aa atcata laaia attata al^ ®1^a a%t® ^awsfa® 5a 1 
acltistilipa aMtwa ®aa aicaia &aia aw aitaia a% awiaRa af&t® ^awsR® 5a 1 
8. affltafta a%a yif^a : awj aat. awiR caaa caw, aiw, aaat a at& awaWtaRaafeataia 1 
siawRa Rftais aiatta attata a% awttaa cata ^ 5a aataaj af%t® ^apref^® 5®ata waa ataat 
aaatfl to aat® atfa i 5Ia?c^ at aaatta aaa «jwR cai>pic*ti 5a ®aa a1%3 ^aprea a5ta 1 ®1^5 cata 
a oftilk® awiaRa a% ®f^t afec® ^aprefil® 5a 1 ®f®«, a% awia atfet fiwttrart attata af% o 
®ta a&c.® fai"eS» 5a 1 

<t. asl^tafoa ^aprea : ta'xjl'ia taluw ®f$5 af& <ilRiaa afocw ^ll"s(5>® 5a 1 c^jtia tPai, ®tla 

?®nRc® ref^t a1% ®ta ifot® ^aprefU® 5a 1 Zajtfea atra ®f$5 aftt ®ia « attata afac® ^aprefit® 
5a 1 cSfataw e s#ea ataa arret ®f®a a% aw afift® ^ai'®fi® 5a 1 wti^ catra ®%a a% 
awtaRaa%t®^apref?t® 5a 1 ®f®*c a% c&l^a a&c® ^ai*®®® 5a 1 

w. R®H« a%a ^aprea : RS#ls wmwIJw R 6#la "ifsca aiRitta i&m ^ai"®fi® aat 5a 1 RS^Ia 
5pt® R®#ta a% aatwt a% fttaa ara ®f^<t a%c® ^airoR® 5ra areata a%a wf?ai atwawt? 
'jaa ara atta 1 

areata p®aa cata ^ptt ata a% 'ftetta ^a^a cata awt^ta ^ap®a 5ra awttaa ai% ara 
attat a ®taa% caa 1 ateata taMta aaat e stt^f®a ajtw t|f®ra ataiaRa af% cata ata a% ateat 
ata 1 iitfttraa atairai ata atsca atRata a%t® ytpa®® aat 5 a a Za^if^a crottraSraa ^®%a 
aata 1 'St® af^a af® ®aag 5 a 1 af? ata, aa alaatata Zajtfaa atf® o ®Sta ®)^a a%ta atcal « 
ata tfot® ^at*®f(l® ata 1 

aiata wwat aaa 5i'4|® fto atat® ata cattat caraata attia ataj sttaa aat? ®aa caw caw af$ 
caw caw afic® ^ai«e(3® 5 a? aiattaaaftetaawtaRaa%5)'5f^ta®ata®kc® ^® atwataaa 
a 5t?)^a ®a wawtra fa®a af^ta aat atta 1 aaa 51 ^!® Rta wtra ®aa fasa a% al®^ta 
5i^a af®a%t® ^ai***R® 5 a 1 >5? af®a% cataaffita aicia ataj sttaa aatt® strawt%t att® 
awg® 5a <aavatta atta aw a% ®aag 5 a iaat cataa, atfc o 5i'5)^t® ®ia af^ ®aag[ 5 a 1 
*t% ^awsR® 5eata aaa a% a arw at 5tae a1%a waaf% aBt® atra 1 caaa aitat a ®%a 
a%a at®t ®ia a%a aaEt? ataat atrat awtc® atfilati 

I stf®caaa Z®fi) ■ , ftat « »awt Raca *t%a aj^ai* a ~tc4 >saf6 ztf&caai to 1 I 



WftftaW % 

8.<? ’M'al 
Power 

wast wlta aiw wren aait *i( 3(6'4 i ZaaftMaftaca wrest arena'!'® law's aaa e ai*saiswa aiw 
i ftapi g-asi writ caffla, *iw, t®a t®nft ana wt ^w aWHWft wiwi ftfjr ■’tTch 
a<ftri> i ain 1 aaa 'aiaat c4ic-n aw gjs aatat aretes ait i gat an, 'Wsi c4ieai gjsg sacaa 
fts'saretft'Rt^iagtggsg caw 'lift ftca ycna trew gift •pat's ait i ®nggt aft aiaft ftca gift aaa 

aw 4 awft gsgp® ait siaea 'acrea' area aretca i aiaaft <wft caftaat gtc'ggarategjgaiaStJWft 
giftgriwnag'sKcgagg'gcwg'ggtgcai 

tali'll ww wteat gsgsataa aHcat ftca wt aa i aw gs at a*® ^ka ^w wt aa sta glaaiggpn 
wrest i aw aret aft « ®ift gt wi 4Pfl6 sanaa giswia ala aeai stcga g^caa ®a aawi slat 
ftssata fta'cta aastta aretca dipt cgaaftreat aft i sicaa ftf® ftca ®gea $ics awt i afta % sata 
tfcs wta aw 40 caws aia 'afta aw 80 caws i «naai aft aft «ifta csea caft wishr afts 
slat gt^eat >wt ®a>'4i tstia wi *aa*t aftata a*!® a*caea i afta wrest caft wi ca 'aa't aw gs 
aaaca i wrest aoa ww wna at *t% ^grescaa aia i wtcat a’j at at% w arena wsij^ aw w 
staiat wrest gftretgwtaai 


epical art® ai aw aiat t arena w gfareret aw awg ana 

P= T 

wresiaftgscati annstt wrest 'aaftcwaiaaifti 


ara aa x aaa sa x ^aa x 


p ana 
(4.4 


saxaaaxaaa sax aaa 2 
aaa 2 x aaa ~ ~ aaa 3 

.-. [P]= ¥jr- =ML 2 r 3 

w ; aawa 4awnaarenaa ■reawftnasigg'nawisia inaw gtaatatai crenat^Wnsta laaw^ft (j) 
aa*. aacaa taawacai caws (s), gsare wresta w ana ^a/canas (joule / second) i >aw salt 
aaiaai saltw wftca arena arenaai 
4a 5 ™«» w aia ^w wt ataf^ ^gf'snaa aiaw <ch salt ana i 




daftteh ne 

dalR® dtRa Gfl® Ctta alRan 1 a% a*S5 ®® toHa> 'ife aa'nta ®%<t ^’Hth ®at 59 aft 4 




•BIBHt ®fSl'M ’TO at'R'tl'C I 'dlWW OTP t '^h#ft OTSJ dtR? R®a iQfW aWM 5>® 

=ft at a^csa aift* OTHrBt-®te -iftca* amitaa anrttt ai^a a*Ra uw »ilte atw i ctfRtta-®ft>!a 
-iRtn adt* nltel RRj( a-d »h*il« -uHtalt nodaRd «dl*ft S®lR® «s« I 
2PtOT t«tlala-®fl>Bnlfaa nklta) ®fea'"lfiaTOt aa»i®laalWa>WaBtt 5 l a^nlta R(4 r cnt"t 
CBtiro-sttia afte 1 arc*? *nf?ic*r ®1$a ©«flhwa o>4i t>*ii* i 

ai^a% : y&a | ei*i4iiJiM ntfcaja aww at$ daR® aa 1 an aaiaaR® Hlidliw aiaar nRaa* 

at ®1$>t a&TO |dl**4lS'4 Wt® *11® I afo fll*6&M df" 1 «l"d|Ca dW,<W TOT I an, 8MW4 TOW 
’Iltet dlSlaadcnd •Illegal n®1 CRTO dlR Wit, TO5W #HlcHI 5<9 j|R TO*f 'Wind amt»l I talTO* tfl 
nc*i b iibm an ilica <nw imiwi 59 1 aiSaiCTa^ataaiaa^an^aTOnteTO^^dmaTO 
Wl 

^-’®t% 1% : ^ J 5|'SI' v iWa ®t*Ka *tfaa Rwtd 9X519 TOtt CTO® *lt® I ^-«r#J"SOM dft® 

'stc'fir afiNH 19 ® caft ca TO ^Iniatta dte cant® men <a nR® ^Inlc® aiMnt atni 
’•Rastas TPI TOtmt aXtnt <9$ »IJI*WI ®*tBRI Rt® tetfs TOP! ’ll ytfp&n atlRafte ®at 591 9 5TO1 
WOTt 5t TOfc (Hot spot) TOW dIsllS® I <ttft 9 5$ "Itts TO*lrf dPT attTO dRd® 59 1 d$ 

am n- 5 ^ tot!to ns? arc 1 5i> mcBs tna ntf w ’tR’i ulte ren 9 ? amt® cas ®s niai ni« 
afte Mftd !jta Rgjnfen'fl'RTOai laSRnult® <9 s<pd Rjjs'5n 8 tt I H t<r?i nltn I 
nltahln ’1% : cann&a dafit "=gj W 5 |lt*t at Jtsp ntantnt tflat nltnin> ^^-< 1*1 dilate slnliifia 1 ■if&w 
iJdldlRM 5J9 alttlWW^W >II5«WI?1 RI%S( TOI t|^ft <tCT I 9IBH5W W® C 5 ^ ’R ?9f5 *WI<fc® 

tiicnat® iftM ®st ^wi jii^w aft arai Rpim aiwww atpt ®® ®tt® iliw 

^IhoGI® 9>® 5laida n>*in>H> ^5*1 ?I1W I altahlnta 1 ’ifoa itwfl) %«?! Rinta fiiit"l ®at 519 1 
J«R dnl4d^5 altnaca* altalnln Rtdta <M5W ^SlttlBf tn*j£*1l 5W ’Itl-’insft, 9(HlId ®li, 

®ti4s ’W, «ii®3r ^ « ^gt, »i®t-*ii®t, »n *11% ti®, rtla ?®jR i aicaNW swft® « 
^fttstltwd 5Btt «l6® I daladtaH) -Ilia «idj®*i altSWW I 

altakh <?tt® d5t® ®^at>R ami ala <IKIMJW I 9 ’BP! nlnal dl^!4a> ’bltna f%®S Rtnta 51^13 ®ITO 
ciddft R^It ® < fll*icds ®IOT« aia?ta amt® *lft I i9S SfWt C91 TO I •swl? l 919 I ai atCSRI 

wo cat® « aiRa Raa ju ®3,ait® ®w asiwt 5® aiwiMJia ®aa^ ^ i at awa aiaiMi cate 


5t®*i2®f3t : a®-® at% aftta* aac® niRwi 

t>lal$« <|Rta 9<Pft ®ladlcal elPlca TOlf^ja 

t4c-aa >aa# aw aa i 





8 .to 

Efficiency 

af^j $ai"«isM aaia'aia «mrar JaaPw ®awa acaraa pi?i? i ppm cadjica aftra swwfta a% 
afwal&e® : | v 1l r 'scss atarca TOal bHIM a# I a%a waa^I®! ft% a-jalcs WIWI ?%a Pita 5 
pi? afaata *i% 'awic^a awattsfs'® pi v iI3*iM'*i% ?%pi a*ito aa i R""s irfst ppnaia, pi afitaw a% 
?%pi aato aa a?ai? to caaa to afSaia af^ ateat aia i > 4fi> aaro 55 4? anata pi, tfijw a?a 
aro Rat'a pi aw asac® ah ait vsta a%$jca «iara aa 1 n > tw pi aflata a% atsat am istw to 

astfro *1% apt 1 liiwca af^a aflTOf ^l^ia : 
awift - to <pi<<ps al^ + TO®Ka aififs a% 1 

croat at"*! atfH’Mi aaw aana, apas pi alaaia afa aaia TO as to to wa a% l?Pita 
awat ala 1 a^faroi aaps Pif5 pi a#aa a% ateat ata <aaa PifB pi af^ ppaat arata to 
^ awta* ^atia 1 ^ta* ataiaw toto %aaa aaaa to ata aiw 1 


(4.5 


>aaif? aiaiaa lagja feaataa ctosj, 'acia* aica a%a ^aroa aifi 1 4? ^airot asaai, cs a, appfro 
ana at ?ScaR*i>i aw abasia f^jaaf® afsat a^ ws area 1 caai cata afea 4? ^ai^saa^taa 
CTOtsasalro aia70% a?w aasa aa aaiana al^ca aiBca ata 1 
aatoa%acasaa 30% caaa^aiaaiapiWT'sffeaal^ps^aiTOS'saai ^TOiaiaai aauaaifiipj 
Saataa t<pc.*ss aafarot ala 30 % 1 


aifil^ «atas4 e.t : aasf5 10 N eaipia a*gta* 5 m 6 «>to ®5nws aro 
ajaaiaaaapiti at665Jaif®aal%aiaaBiTOii 
(<f) priSa 'a'|as TOba^® a%a afaaia to ? 

(a) priStaa anfarot to ? 

(a) <aatp? <ufS'® a% = aw = aa x aaa = x S®®! 


- 10Nx 5 m 

= 50 J 

=jsaR'sia5af®a% -aaa?naf®a%-a#®a)® 
= 65 J - 50 J 
= 15 J 

TO 41114s a% 

(aia^-rrot.T, = x 100% 


= 76.92% 


iara<fB ta'pfSna piffia 



®i"d) : ■■M'sl ft 4 )?! 4a?. Russ W dHihl^w •‘ss'sls '5?RT ‘WS'ldS ■fs'sls ^fld I 
*J* l ‘4 v 1lft : I 

>. 4afl> RWR ffo W (R>iw"il tw ^swals adj 5PI ®K»H SS) I PlfS vsMs *^*1, affl at 
ddtdt 5C® Hd I 

a. 4? shli-is aid Sita Rfijs awit ’t'Rt ^a i 

O. 4?fi) IRfps 5»»l Cdda alsJMl ftfa a*d 'Sid ftf^t adfl ftd *p a*d ^iwa wf5 Ski's! 

ftfaspal 

s. 4afii «d5 caftwa cs*r awta ’Rat) aiatdi C'staia w ft*fa ^a i 
s. 'jft ■’rs cWd 'Hdl wTtsj atwa Si i 
«>. «flRT afta a laldJ aid Sila ft?iu i 

<?. 4S'lg ajft am*® dto? , csfid c&5 , *H*tft$'BtM ctc5 4a* «Hp>s «Ht»s cit5 <si*$eiM ww 

®&1a Wl ft 4 )?! a>a I 

lr. RcjI® «I^*IIM alwe'TM Oelgl* ’PS'Sl dS 'd I 

S6WW ^a, m = kg 

aids $®'sl, h= m 



* 

UwttH’rira, t 

<•) 


1 

wld cats? 



2 

«rtc*srttt? 



3 

CWd d# 



4 

?<r®lRs ®td Ktfi 



s 

attdSdlfc 




lo. 4<S$'sld 8IW MNId s^ds ’M'sls afid WWM WSM W I 

>>. ctstaia stria *tati>d df*t ^ Jiacbd a-v'si adpwift MtoeH Pwifla ata fta i 






- 8 .^ 

-slc.«NI-q alial’IjR ®WFI | 

®WtJ : •Wl«l'1t<lMT 1 ‘lI&S! dmla SITfa I 

: C*t!4ft, t>lSi*ia ^.^Iwa 9j^t, s*lu>a 4? tal»»i (at •ulaiatfiii's «<l«i»c=i 

’pR^Jl’Iffrao , Tft ^srttR l 

5. c.al«c“ia TIMT Pitas, t§4,<pIcJ>s $P?IS ft*M 5 i ^ l 

*. >4413 "IWICT ffcs Mhec*w St iflt-sis TjS SH Tit's I 

O. Sjjrj -spHts ^ tet'SIWI SES S’*! SSS Tito I 

8. Edl's'i St yi*lka- SESS 1 44* ESTtES E3W Tjre I 

<t. TJ? <W friS *13 TiPta '^ESS sfitEil ESS «t!PI (33 5E^ ftst I 

S. TttPi £43 4ES SESS ^E*t Rsl-Mwls 3*1$ 43 I I 

4. TfflWSflTft ajSEa I 


<ar^# 

sgMi^t a?f 

Tift^ Sstaa *tK“t 1t^ (V ) Tits 

il 44EBiS <44^ C^Ftfii ? 

M ^ (3) fittS 

(t() otRr (tj) suit 

s 1 ajssft tts tts stses sia too £4t*t *t% ®trtt 4tE4 t 
(Tp)«tfei% (aDftsss^ 

(*t) TSM 3% C*i) aM«Ra> *t% 

ol m'SE33 ar^tts 5 ^? 20 m, 30 m, 40 m s 50 m $3E33t4T3!?It I £444 staTSIES 'Staffs *t% 

■^atcrlil ESft? 

0W 20 m (4) 30 m 

<«!) 40m (tj) 50 m 



ve 


ftWI W IN 8 « 

» ’Ratyi •w*r» i 

Y 


15 

10' 

A B 

! 5 / 

/ '\. D 

' C ^E 

V- 

•rt^tea 1000 kg 

O 

tSec X 


fSa 

81 CT<t ISoHS CTfaTOA 

ca’f’waBr’wtYltoB^i , ifir- 

WOATO1 

TO AB«Wt 

WCD'TOI 

WDE4«n 

<fi ^K%8»(|9rt%w i 


C4) L25 x 10 5 1 

(4) 5 x 10 4 J 

TO 1.25 x 10 4 J 

I’D 6.2 x 10 3 J 

41 *1%S ■>rei>H5l*rsl «t4 *lt«al <il« - 

(i) ’ifts « ftw ^rtt. TOffcut csn6 ^ Wf« * wfsto'SSta i 

(ii) 4i<iHiit.<iHj iii 5® ftfPra ^ES ^1W, •HwtMi’b i(i 'WOT SW l 

(iii) stI «wiw aw 4l<WI <u<Kibl <JP«.Plv5»l *Pt AajH.il Wjfit 1 

■fstos wND’ili* 


CTOi 

TOii 

(1) iii 

TO i, ii* iii 

4. ^prtNa* 


51 40kgTOShaJpffi^< 

T4 >4PM>0 kg <SBBT >4I4*R'Sa4 apffll Rtr'o*|| WE4 4JV»lTW C«fV# U 

4T3! >4145 W* 4fc8* >4145 «miw C*MCTH 1 tWojHI WI ®»OM «1%1 30 m/min 1 

(4) '4‘1'Bl'ft f 


(•0 5OJ4W4W8#fim J 

(4) 4JE* ftifl CHJ i5”tisi J|»IH !5“i HlflftT ^)i*i<4||p|5AHi | 



<naft) cassl-M^wss a>tf^ caaMaR aw 5 N aca ant aPlt I ^ifSfets* 5 cm fetat acat I 

( 4 *) 4 *® aqlc's 4 s ® *tf^ 415 acat f 

(4) Shew af^ 0.5 s a45 41W ®I4C4 ara ■■n'ol 4144 ? 

isiasfe Wtfaspa a<K*M fawfits asjjt aassa c«lw 800 m ®$jC® >S45 areata pfeaafi) 250 m ®Ep® 
ataf^i® i Utei^ieaa atft aitjcaa atarca areaia yfeawa Drtftn lata i Qsii'fiiia 2x10 s 
l^feta atft saicai aft l ftfeta atfta ®a l kg aa, ®ea (S«ti^its« aiRc® w ft®a * 1 % af%® 


40 kg®eaa <sas ataa Pil^ ftta i2s->cratc4®iAiPif'?c's •nwsi’wof 20fB wa%f5 atcaa 
®S®t 20 cm I 

^ aracaat eata as® ? 

(a) sH<pTI> cafe as® Sio'aisi saieataa ascafta ? 

(a) atea ®&ess ca as® aw asa ? 

(a) ftl^ ftea cates? fek® ca as® a=a®t afiw ataia ? 

ca aaa areata cafta ^tatai uhlta aiaata "aca ®tcaa caca fa®#a *t% ©aaiacaa isasfS was? 
^ftat aw ca, ate® ®aai®a ana feaag aa at i 
TO ft®#!)) aftt ajaaica sshjmj jjJVri*pit at) # ? 

(a) RSyla •ft ajaaics a^ftat’p’tr#! ^t ? 



PRESSURE AND STATES OF MATTER 



Wat *Hi4s li'iIS aa*iia w anft-^fta, ^a*t « ata%i i aarafo ws <a*fii , aa*it w ala ala 
sroati asaa « ata% *t*n^ aaw starts aw area aw aiwaw aatft awi aatSf apt aaia toi i 
aalfla attw ^tw alffioi <iw wt w w atai aatc^a <£wffc ftwa a<f awt Pm^^Hrel i 
a&iw ’aaitw wat 4 aa Ras Pea «hwii>hi aaa il 


^atmatiwwwit- 

j. , W9 iwjwwa aSa^wa atw atwa aUta^a ajtajt ^ac® *ttaa i 
a. P«is «s(.'is awr wiwi R^yo uk-ta aiR»ihi alSkM ■psl« am i 

is. 'sawfiafeaas^atBafyltaiwaai^itiajtajta^ieaiaai 
s. attawwa ^ja atPdt ^aw ataa i 

<t. •uwwm ^raa amifia ftat ?Ma asiw naa i 
■b. nic^RfSiaa ^at ajtajt to naa i 
a. aa^atPOtaatFsaiaai 
v. fctafta^lawaawaaiaaiaatpnt'nswnaai 

k. a^waaiftwwa'statPfjtasawaiaai 

Jo. aMiaii cat *tW Totals a>hrt Rd«H ■we® *flaa I 

jj. anp«wa sta ajtart naw ataa i 

ja. «aa »««a Steal aiaoja an anaa**ila apt alaaia aaM naa i 
jo. $cat^PaaalWaiaa6wa'slc*ia , #a | ia%sa*t^aianaai 

js. ntaajerot^iaaifa6% aria *iSa€aftaa*tnaw naa i 
j <t. %?a eRjfeanajtnawnaai 

j«i. swa^najpmnawnaai 

jt. nftcftnnf^»tfasaiajpljta<Bwnaai 




Pressure and Area 

sjSRi ^5t •rat asa Tjiffis fta alCm ^st atffis tot ■p? nw i ana aft et& Tirti 
vitsupii •rap? nt ■jrftfwjw >n i ■jots' 'bhtoibi afinn w i«6i w w naal ow i 





catmt a??* aft daatB'aaw* ®*w swh aja bta wii **iatB.4cas*Bm*$ , 'B%*B* 

•[’•'era? d^^if 

WIBW.g-^a<K,tW-^^ (5.1) 

»ib%c*, aia^ama caoi catwa <aft a* *ai Jta$ taiwa canr w F 

aa aft w , 5M/j aa caft rail 

l. daft tduK.®* •pkil Tpsr iwi aa i ai^ aft *$« i<»)iil am* fr*w TpW iptft «W 
Maw* ■p^t awa atata aat* <jbi(?ti ana aat*t ¥d>« ®ott fcas amai^a caW 5ia •rof, 
aw c*ltaV5 wwt. «p**fts aw jc* *™ i 

*. iphr *i(simi dii-®* caaB*r ^ a* i aft calcat a 1 ?* ft"ft amicnt dl-oftt® aot ai Sturt 
aamififtaraaKiaa a’Tpit’B caftwi sep i at*a»?ft aattrt afst aw i 

Pwn i daft ’Jii} auitai artPM da? daft wi»i ahPh fi« at>w fta air i cataft 
ftaftjBstrtWfaJrtitaa 

®a satmtartPraww^t wu aaftwa^sata *ai wft pm stswasitaH i 

rttat artftta* payi *mb ai ftt* fthat *mb aat aa caftan sow ant at* ati am aatmt 

anftaftts artnft0BBfswi 

[ sirtta* i aaa $ft* «t»»ia sift aw 5)li aw M* cdraa4 , afttsiiftTi caHfS 





Mr 

acaa j^aw cwivwa i^w : ?fTO®w 4aw bicaa iff*w arsatara i arotaaTCaa i4a^> n m -2 1 i4w 
ail-<ic*i»i (Pa) 3CT I 

.-. 1 Pa = 1 N m' 2 . 

afe lm 2 (wwi Sag lNaasr’a^italisat^apfcastasa'stw iPaapn 
»KW%^«nH5M*.> : arcs ai®!® ifrfeca awt laa^ afaaia 'sa sofcgiw^i^imc^m 

200 cm 2 ^P! il®c» q®13 3H C33 W i 


C»toSt«nd,'sa, m = 50kg 

^1. F = W = mg = 50 kg X 9.8 ms' 2 


490 N 

200 x 10"* m 2 


= 2.45 : 


10 4 Pa 


«psta '©*ihi , A = 200 cm 2 

= 200x1 O’ 4 m 2 


^tit 'sscaa tfWJ ta>kal tV'ic.'o oH 
Pressure at a point in a liquid at equlibrium 

®sa aaTC^a R>®w cvlcii fV^t« sta aat® ®as f^>ja slafats' at® aa^ cwarcaa ®aa spaisrcs 

«r*pp 3SK3> -53113 1 4.4 •ttffet >43*® arca aSaia ®sa aaPf 1 


vanJWsl 'SI'SJ'VsM h 'I'Sa'sIS B OjO® W3 R'fa W® 'SCS I B flit's W? 
'SjaaSaa ^a^f^Sd h 5n>®ls <4^® ®s»i®R5 PiRwIsi ^sil 3*31 313 s I 
asTSI®, PiPrelcss ®3t \ssi.‘'K! Wia<p“i =A 
»*ie*tji aa's = p 
®scss ^ 4 ®a tw B fa'js a'§la®i - h 
a(®4tt4r 3}34 = g 


Wi.p - hpg (5.2) 

na cad's g Staa* ' 5 ® . p « Ap 

3 1^13 ®3PI3 ®fBP®d C®tCal RtjC's 5ia lit f^sa *f@a®t « 


laaia froa caPt aila®® ®g cat® fM® ®apia caa caPt (®;b t .«) 


1 5T3 ®Sd3 3P0 B R"tC® 



ft 


FM 





aiftftas ®al44M 4.* : ©a# ate© walPii '31W I crolPiias ©aftfta WW 75 cm *1®® (Wat 
ftapeaicaaaiafttfaasai ppwlPiMa aaaj 800kgm' s l 

aWal anft, 

P =hpg 

- 0.75 mx800 kgm‘ 3 x9.8 ms' 2 = 5880 Pa 
«: 5880 Pa 

ff.o 3^®t 

Buoyancy 

pi , Mi a-Jife aa at aw ’ltd w aaiK (fluid) aw i 'saa « <ia<i)a 4 >j? eifta aat$ saiDa >sr«^s i 
aatfla 5M: epical W ftla l aa 3 aia WW 3al% W Sft W CWPFW a*awlt,a PI aa Strata aE3 '51a 
aww aaifa 51*1 aw i aft <awf6 ws p*wi*w a ‘flat. aaift a^ awira aa / r aa 'iiata wt. 



Sa'st : aiftff ©afi! a®iftw aifta awt aaicai a's aa<s, atftw at caw aatcat w ass aa i atfta 
awt 'saw aa*tta aafafS ca*t apwi aca as wta a*afta ©aa ©asffi ©afs® aa a*w a*ra i 
'saa at atafta aat$ 'aitfta at a^Pfttw ftaft^ wtcat <k^« ©aa ^aa at aiafta aa$ a*a^tw ca 
©a^S® aftt aa sirata aca 'stca aa^ aw i aa'sta ata a^^fa fta^St® «w a^a aaaift's isaa at 
aiafta aatc^a wwa aata aa i 


caeat'aiw’ 

'sawa *l®a'4i , 

A = 75 cm= 0.75 m 
'sacaa aa's, p = 800 kg m' 3 
m P =i 


aawa apu caacat a^fSa a^jw ftaftw aaw a^a aft ft^ps 
-n9*j5t ala aw i aat ata A swc^wa ©a*. A ©^^ta (treft 
ftftsia pqrs i <a©t p aapp siatKw ■’w* 3 i f ftaftw aura (ft© : 
4.8) i 'sawa a© 'sa flw ftftratraa ©ataa ©a^ ftraa ^a 
aSlaai aaia^w A; 's A^ 

^sJK h = h2- hi 

ftft&lwa ©aft PQ-'h asaa a^ftjR®aa, Fi =Ahipg 
PiftwisfDa fti| $ SR- © 'saa aa, F 2 = Ah2pg 
ftftstcaa aa^ asaa a^fa aa^ arifttaaift^ aa atpaaaata « 
ftaSft^ft ftata aw ara ata i 
^5aR©*ffs® aftt aaataa'5i - 
= F r F, 



= Ah 2 pg-Ahtpg 
= Aflt2-hi) pg 
= Ahpg 
= fhA)pg 

= vpg, [v=hA - ftftstraa 'awsai 
- a 1 ? asf* aiaaift* aar®a esia i 

TjsaRftaftt's a^^a ©aa ftata's ©<^^ft aa at aa^t a^ a>^ 'sMaifift aaitla earcaa aata i ©© 
©a^f awa sat© 'saw ftaft*a aa^^ataataiaawacaaai 



J>o 

tf.8 WOTTil 5J3T 
Pascal’s Law 

WMWl >5 M'S! '59*1 51 -qm^la 'Wiled* wlwl «Ui5 »H UhIItoi PJ$ l>M ’WtPl'ff 59 1 BlPIt^l 

SMB <3 WH ' S P^4 RqW >jiS SSfR^BR- 

itw wt 5t *Mcd9 c<plc*il 'WIB ®B5 sl$t* PMsFt sksW^sw Pi$5l*l1^9lJi5t 



HjI'llTe.’S Jjwis VWlliWIfclT : ■wjPswH 


^IMI WT *l<TO<Bt TP's*! Wi"H ®*R ft’tH 981 WIH1 

5*t botb ^aw <$s ^4S5 Pi>tw 5CT9 559 ? cb1% 

9*ia?^5M Bliai isw^f ^N «b 3114 -ict i 

*Wf 9W, Cl « Cl PlPtoM (fSa t.t) I >*lOTi! 

SWCTK99 f>ns<m Ai « Ai I PiPwls 

9*1 98t 5 T<5^ ‘955 BMW PlPlftlW <iwffr TO W<9 

PrtHsfsiw *IMIWI 81551 959 1*iPws 19581591 
toi Band 85 b 9fd C5fi» fWirt Fi 59 awM to 

WRPI ^ fa9>59 arj5® ®MB 515 “j'j I 9J195TO9 



^ajlsplra 111 518 8B9 *ffld TO *Hpl58 TOIPl’5 555 1 qjMk 8J Pl*®W Sf^ %*f6rfl 959 1 >9 
SMB TO PWw 55 559. 51*1 x 59JHW 91 ^Xi4 2 >99 TO9 I ^TOI.9? 

F; %*i f 


"*159$ 5? Prt w« 5M5"555* 5’W8*I TO CBPlTOBTO W C5Pt 9^5 5591 C5|t> Miens 5559 5? 
100 »ft9?99'5155»lC9l®f J PS59 1 Plfc®9 55 8591*1985*199 Pl*%59 100 PISS5 

® ® 

ff.tf '«ilffl»tf4i'«i ^ar 

Archemedes’ Law 

TO159B araift’f $95-M 5958 5*NTO 59581591 8$9 


«9f^ VI 51 Jl^St 8|8 TO I TOldts® ®8 9tdf38 

BIIW1I69 biR*wis 8a*i ct, 591591 9ngi9 i^bt «an 9991 <iw?i* 

89t5d 9tif“l9 51 159159 f%s, «W5 5Jjtm 95*1 555 551 




Llh, 



affta : Jiaflt a*? ata Jim wa snat i Jiaia a*tgltw awfl! aj*wr 'swta cfta wtaia aaaia aiR wf® 
a? ftsioia aiaj ^aw i isa jppi ft\ aiR ®*ics *tjta i aiRps Raftr® Ra*na s-^ftls cma afs i wai 
«®r wwaitt'saRRam^QiJn’ii'S'saiajEPicaamai aratafcaro <rp aiRa ama caa ma i pwarca 
a»^a a^caa mwi® .snaa afitaw maaift® mapw amtaa aaia i ‘*rsita miaat rniftftfttaa flfta 
ilftSt JR®! SWH PIC'S aiff I 

Rail aR : awswta swa 'sataiaa cmiv»i 25 cm 2 , >sc? aiRa wo 'sarcai wfl i aiRa 

aaa 1000 kg m -3 1 aiRa ®aft«a pita staa Sacaa ’jcia *f®l«vsi = 5 cm, ataa *®'sr 2 cm. aw 

5 1 atam SalSwca aiRa sta P\ caa am 

ai ataa'sac'wt atRasta/^ caaaa 

01 ataa isaliiwi aiR ^ afiRH a*r acata ■witac 

si awa fiji'ow atR ^ft aGRH ^1 acsw amta? «Hwi psiais a'>a<iiPia 1 

Density 

wimi a^j pi waai ^vs aw 'sit^ <sa mnwH ata 1 aw ami's wa tjaat aft aia aw Uarni caret 
ft aare 'sift? retaca rewsa avia wra JHa aaai caPt cat? wift 'ala aia aa^ am cafil 4i»wi 1 ppitat 
aaga aiaw reia'scaa ®atre 'sia 8aMtaa aa^ ata 1 aa^ aatcfa awffi aiaiaa <ft 1 aa^ a>§a ®aiaia a 
'smramSaaR'Mlai 


aa^ta 5 p aiat 3aa*f amtrea 1 m'scasca'itatjpjareis'sa Kreca, aa^ preca 



wheats caPt 'sift aia reca wiaa a<gi aa's caPt 1 

<k<w!S aatf e »iwa aa^ > 






lllRlI Sit'S* ■(NSW : 

tollflo* {Op t^IPITHI rt CS1FB OWJ SftWWM *tIW «ICTl M$OalW*l 
•OIPB1 si's its* sit's* (5ZQ 01$ 4? ’tjkToIi shri‘1 C^p 'RW tH«s Rcs> 5ii TIB I 

'SW FtPl OTOH Sturt ^t-Pl-npr <ulssj* O0I ’*fl^ s I <SW 0? siltlR *tlPF I Uf^CT ST '<rtCFe 
’°(-tS r 1 siftlfil "flts 1 sltists >11<Sl PWSE'II rt’PW CSSCS sls^® ■'thftSRl-s dtftoJSS^ 1.5 X 10 3 
kg m 3 «CT UxlO 3 kg m 3 1 SftffllWia to HICT TC9 OS'* CUM 51W SI 1 SS* «H SPI 
wrtfci irtsnisnri s «*ij sM too auw% aift tot si's to snc* si i 
«1l>n1®S HlRt® -*tl« ft"# Hst to SlPtO ’BIOT I <1»l SSS1 alto am OS SC* ot WOT i 


^^^lOOOkgm 3 


worn ores 

«a. m =2000 kg 
to. P- r 


#.< <s 

Floatation and Immersion of a body 
to oifi csrcsi v?io or? to s-*lt» S’!* •jwt’nw’jtft ^ toi w- 
i. Wi si^Ttoi tot tot oa 


S. U’Sj 'ISC'W 2ioetfi^$ i 1 1 'ralM$SGMRtO@ir , S01 1 

«ph o ftwpa coos toffi itoa aps sta- 

o) sR Wj> iPjSi.stffcsp'Ssa'soHsRss^s'foo'Mto 
»*<•« osh icw «Pt « 'oirc.'i <?f »«ii sm jjtc< i «f»g1& 

tort sw ojctoj s»$a 1SSOTI w^a ®ss aft ss i 



S) sR Wj ~ IV2 SI* sajs OSH sR s*£«p 0*Pfl|^o 
OSFBt «OtSI aSW SI s^fl! OIW ft«toe 

1«Hls BPIM I S-Tjfl> Rat St*l ratsu* S^JI SO? OSPW 


•0 sR Wj < W2 SI, 'SfK OOS sR *&>&*? n*PflR® 
**t*w «®iisC5tSOSSI'®lSFIS’ 1 jrt'RmSti!to Asto* 
'Wim WPII ^ft tort SF1 wow S*$* ■'R^ OIFSt 


COlSlIl tort ’iwtss (Dead Sea) ^ ^W«J i *rtt ntoi 
^tol Wt » aiJIni O'H-U ftto sfl^fil SrU rt 'iHtm ’llto 
m» Aft pi in^ <’f#Fi 1 



tf.v £^MW W*l 

aiaica* caw amt wt-s<6ar act i ic^fcaiaiaaaati*® to a* ®aa to « awt* >w ** 
CT *ltftt® TOflWSa*^ WltS^®a*PI1fi® *11^* sw C^talW* «at«* Hfflfsf | <fl1R TB ’ll# ttw 

w i^IshIS w3l to <aai*flfs*awjs i rc' s *ctto i inn *aTOcafaai®$iwwtT^weiwi cros, 
aSlw gt® ait®, cs® ate® ®1$ *laa®a®i* cro a*i ®a alfl ftw ai flWwti a®^ to®® 
«U.a*1 TO a®4TOS alW ^lata SMWt 4ft® I rtl*Ka* Sjfctf aW* TOTS WTO «*CTO 
afilafiS®TO 1 3^l>aTalJt* i tom <=i!«R® -*nft to i^aiia $it IS® <ta i 

e.i ^p<n?Br'5l*t 

Atmospheric pressure 

>rt^WaR!TOr*«iiSNTOi asaro*«roTO*i ®$aflp®wamatwi 
afo affilSiui an io’ni <wr cawa wito i.s m 2 aaw aivafca to cvm 4*t* 

1.5xl0 5 NTOaWWTOI ®M VITO* iSlW* fe®W *I*S Wt aftcss ®$ 5W UC*W aHMJ C*ft TO 
aHaatwraas* i<i5 »m a-joa «s =n i 

aRTOaTO TOWS TOIsyi TO® ww tW PI *10*1 IM TO anw TO TO £ WIIM* 

als.*rt>fl* St*t TO! I 

tflMPW aSKt ® attars stca* Iftatl 
am TOffiSiaawt, to^s caiat TOs^a aiia?;* tRTOssaaafei 
i^i") asa tun ^ ®w ai&*«™ cawa® ®sa ftra aftftc* 
aaftc®WtTOTOlt*tBia^«itaiaawjsaw (®aie.k)i TOaaRpi 
ata aat® arjr to *w* aia*n <«ic*i crot ana *ii*a Rut* caw 
■aw 1^6i aw atwi tom^c® aw aw ca aw* f&ros 
’Haa'®® ®PRf-®Wft W®w ®IW, ft"? ai*TO ®t a* I aR5I«% 

*iw*aia n^tTOai *ra* •nawafc'tsasaaaa^aTTrtl'tt^i ^ 

5T*i aiacM aarftw a«wft® to aw* R>»w 4a^*iw ftur ®ca i icR sra? aw* 1%®« ai*>i'»»c» 
anaiwi ®$Traai«Mw®fe®ri* shj aw* li^caa aiaaftis caw aw* i ?8*ms*i®*ll« ata = 
awa ataa*w.«s *1*1 1 atatsa cror aw* 1%®* ca atsa^n* afro TO 3a>®t at* 76 cm <rfK 
altafcw* sia 76 cm §5, awa*ew® to *nc® a®a i jreiw ®ro «™ Swwi aiaaw to asaetfl* 
*lW**l8at*tTOTOi 

eikaw w nwi ^if>c* «nw to 8*h acaaawaTO*i<"®ana , iaii i«t *pi "iwc® tfil wI*m 
Tawaaawi aaiw aiaHj *wa awi air? i aissrsw aBW*i •«(« a-®ta atiaifithi n*i i 




ff.Jo t«>»l « 5 t*t 

Altitude and atmospheric pressure 
FM TO •TUV'bC'M (6W 
I B<K sqg Rinra ’Hip *fl*(Wrt FM raf 76 cm 

•mOBSC!!! FtC*ST BBB I ^y&* 3 '^f! ’TOW WH S'*!® 

Sir aw we atfJBtiu «ra ■sat ara ft&e? jr aw i 
<wbt 4rat ^w aiw aica awa" l ®% fw we aei 
4 «Iqj >5 •rtnyro ®*lta <n>itiSila bB aewM 
stc*w are 30% i c*w*rr eeft Snww Sica aR-tflR ptsbt 

til WWW caft twwto BICTs era 



aRta* «W*M eaft attwra BWftcS 9 * *l?t® *11011 WIWWBRsB a*H Caf% i'O'els Rj(»H BUR 
fttatet®amw«R <as <ror'oui slJilyB ■"itelRv »M "ml# *NI» •'uv'sl >wl BS 1 

cecw w £ats sir aw ww aitpri^e'* fw wb i Js>»t« aiw 91 ^ 6*11 ti bicw afta^a waRca 
CW1taTrat(fcS*.io)l 


e.ii 'MrtJ afSa^a « Wwt 

Change in atmospheric pressure and weather 
ewicai Rita wetas a^t atR 9Hpns*lhi Bicas afilwia ad!i 4* rad awtw SaRw w*Sa siira 
afilald* jUa^Pe WR aifS W I WlBUt sissies Blta* aSa>$i 3^(W B1® •uksIR'SIuhi 

ai«H*ecs« 6»ra T fil9^H OTWI 


r ftta fltat Baa aiaw eaiwr arte alee* w%i wtra a®aw 
•fas *!tsi rate i wfiww*hiawianp®tBawwii 4twts|fi>iraRwaaiwrai 

<sat <2f Rita Pup ids ratal iwBltas rb wcw aae era atj $ Ri|sn*w 

w*ra^j®wiaiai *{Mit BoipA aeiaai wro i 

sjicslPTGles ais “Trains S««l *fttS %9 tplew ra slv*rt*a CBtW artw rat ^M®« 
bcb ■eat 1 !'? arew ea$RR wftww wrai apawwwsi'saiaBw e afiRww aiwcai awta 


o Ryli 


SflR drttl «1BH ft«1 UBW W1 Plrfj eat? BIS I BIBIS SB 1*tW 
^i*i« y$t Za<; ftt* bw at ftt# era estt nor i rata fciat b< rfisW ra bB era awat 
sKftjnawiTi ■yrsa*BtB>?ftf»aB< 
y^9 nram ®>o( nwc® ra* aH i 



aa$ft®H 


aa acata as® casttat ar?a atasia at 'siswi at Swum afitwis ®a?t asapt, ca tcfe ©a; <^R ^t 
aa>t>tw atat caa laataaaaatfii'saPTaaj'sia ^tc% 'sn^isi at atassH ft® aia cat a$w 1saffeaiaa®t 
apti pi aa aatt% at at «iich asicasi w f^featwa aa# aw i ®caapia ^im «iica, 5® caPt ^1 acaffl 

•wpi <v$ ®na *n<pis fijw aiaat 1 at ^liiit<('1*iRwaia4' apt 1 
aaa #tfe»tpra a 3 ^ ®aa aiftw aa stcaia w aa ®aa a*$a 'ad'fprt aspas piw aca aia 1 ®ta tppt 
a^ja tatj, ata®a at , aFjf®a afaa'Sa ad? 1 «a tactja at ■twas 'ata'staa at af^taw fa^f® ata 1 
aiRjf apta a®tta casicat a^ja acar fa^a ^fa? apt ^tfeata^'oia ^ar a*?a I®®® aafi? gf®cata 
ataa ®^a aa 1 at sf&caia aa atftw aaw ataiaicaa ®t?t a*® 1 a^a 1%®a aa^ crappca a , a®t£a 
®^s a atetsia# aaw %sa apt 1 Sprat ca ft^fet catcat aaa cat 1 ^caa aaa N m" 2 1 
jcaa 5ja (Hooke’s law) : fa®# aafl? 5a ^a^atra®® ^pjafS «ii#*aia acaa 1 at ’jat’jatca- 
fwif^aataa #ata aiaj ^®a fa^f®a aai^aifisa 1 
aif'lfeasstca 


^ jjaaftwa’^Satatcaal^af^’aT'ia tftiwapti f^finHs 1 fiicaao ^aas Nm 2 1 

tf.ia *Wt^a piHRa* ^ll'&va'q 

Molecular kinetic theory of matter 

aatc^fet ’a^gpit af^fa 'aa’ata ^tca, at ataat a® caoait [ 

aatcta »iMfaa aft'si^a \a faaa 1 fafjaPfe #4i%caia ®aa )&& &] Isss’si 


. carnal a®# aiattfr ^jg agj ^ 
at aatgcatca aatc^a at^aca 1 


«. aarcta saggpit atat af%^ta 1 

s. ’IjIms OT 5a«i i i*|taica*r^BrgBiatca ! , a «mj ®ivraacai£atPit'ai<i‘t*lat Rata aa aw a® at 
<aic«it apt 1 wsias caca a^j?tt f%5&t ^ca '■jtst ataprs ®iias acat a lata aa aro a® aat 
aw arass alat® ataa asac® atar a® 1 asSa aairfa iwca 'sgjptt «(a aiy«piR atw aas. 
jtaaipit#g’stta5<aaaas|®a5C3ltaiaasSaaaK^a^®pa ^tasta « »iia®a atw 1 
Fa « ®apta prea a^gptt apiltaiai sjjisp a>ca a®ar aat aspacaa atpl aat alias 
Jtpta atpl atact l^p® aa 1 


M* 

tf.ie 

Plasma state of matter 

iwn *jpi stwati iat aiwsit wn ^fwafir ’B pti sn^i* ^ 

^1 wlujvji «iuHj •r’Ni^i.'ile JWPTBI %«?T I 8® <poi^ ^MBT ftfif I'l'iRsh WITOW SV>II «i«Hw 
fc'Wft'SSI *0® aWM C41CHI RTOG ®1®® ® '•Iffl'M I 9WI 4'lfflWl W « 

W? i)w*(l '«(?>', I4.w« W l ftw *Mlls SWlTttf te «f®>^»Mt<®fl>t®II 


VTJfl ^*1*8 

6l®U : CTWK=n ®WOW IM<4 R^s «l I 

a*3Pflffc :®PI®t»,f5t%, MC^IwI «(toiHKI ^ 

Wj : t+IWl ’PiSjf < r®li^ J '4l'1 Wl^®MIWa|£4 4 <P553 »(]«'o<i I ®® 'a 3 ?S JRW 
'WW ^tl!> I 

CTlPfl 's*»i *•* "ftwa 


's,il(.*ds « *1® iHu>iu« atfta 4a!5Mc>® *iti aa®£5i 
Vj iJW Kjikw -*Iii ^?a 'qhrei, 

V = (V 1 -V 1 ) (1) 


I" 


>. ^^(l! Rft* »i®lwj •ill 1 vil* *!$■( ^sF5« ®jt M# « i 

TiMwltwi ®£<fo 9St ’ft ^® 'lifts 5’lft'olcMs *tk -ns i 

o. ^fS=T s*$fS<.«i* ft® ®W 'iN*ilti ®15M 'llPitw ^®s PH ^1 u>l«ss , ®*1® '=fs-"JH ^® I ^ 
<’|<HH| *ltft 1^® 5PI >*® fcH&eMs *t& Jfle l 
8. WEsiwftfejj hH»im ■*fiPi ft® ^ « is^a&w tt-wi^R) <ra ®i Saaipw *ps i 
». arawflu IViic® »iw«j «mw fMu ^® 2 ^ >i51«c e M »nwu i w'$ i 


®*yr9a a ^ls»i ft^um 


<tfpwr 

’wot 

^*13*1 an?s 

B5 

M 

gm 

ilfai fcMft'elt'ta 

’jrtFjcm 3 

®fta S'lft'elrts 

IB v 2 cm } 

r=(V 3 -Vj) cm 3 

Vcm 1 

> 






* 






« 










wffcuJ’SSWRPW V= (V 2 - Vi) cm 3 = * 10 -6 m 3 

d=^* 10 3 kgm J 

w. sR) 

’ifS^S'euHi wrtffiw (V)ft?We 

il <ilsif>M v l(siWc. , ’l?! w*i #t ? 




*!) ’STO^a ^IP'SIyttf^ 5 
©I Wilt<fa 5^ eRWRI "TO 

f&5 jct ftu>s 8 © f^taKpi^a we : 



*0 '^at'ta^ww 

<oamr 

W) '5S 5 T 


81 ilWu) ftjj'itrt ^ *I0»IM bK'oii'ij© 5W ? 

W» 98 Pa <0 980 Pa 

<t) 196 Pa W) 1960 Pa 

<t I <lf*l v j|caif] F WI SIwW WsIT ^3T ©w >8 *^ 8 I- 


ii. ’i^srra -himsi wpiEftarawwaw 

iii. WC3E1 WVt FM Straw W3W 

c-pHTC wfiw ? 




as : 

fei caw Ru>« ag*tw® aw : 



ai) 'SR'5 a>l« aM ? 

a) fScu a'-sfts ia'Biw ssw awa aaaa awn ^a i 
’ll a^glS* aaai fMa ^a i 
a) 'sawawiaiait anna's ^jawnwiaflait^ai 
ataiaa a*( : 

ii aa.wa e wapFwaaw^'ft? 

^i aaajaawaw? <aa<aasas'#b 
oi ai\p$%i en aata* aw ? 
si tfi wfe 'pwn ft af® aw >pj? aaajt a*a i 
si 'eawa t>ia « 8«>'®ta awj aw^ fa<fa ^a i 




TON 

EFFECT OF HEAT ON SUBSTANCES 



W1 «w «W« i% -<il *wefc *1* rft« rr« »rt*» i wmit «* vtlft e*f«t ftw sWft** v* '*W 
PoH#i '•in inner « «rpn«c* rlr mrtn ■rwoH n&afri art, w ■«** •mw nfirn1$s « o-* 
rtrti •wrft riffs* <e im »SMr rts i ’sin warm * rrmiH rr# ntw »^i« 

ri"»‘*« re , v>p(*r«'nt , s < sow & rrjia mwim aaiair :] 

tow nti cct «twaf- 


i. «n« OTTHTIl?JHB!'«KSr 8 RI 

*. mc4* wnfiw r$ aiw '»sw *wn i 
t. wwwJWS, c^rPTiFr rirrcWin win wn r"f^ ftiSri w* nwr 
a. w"#f)n 1% wwmi 'uNi 1 vaea mm i 

t. nrnttowtfaawaiajwimOTmmi 


v. •tonHK*i&i«tf,cmTOi«iHi'aww«piisnnn« 



a. «n i flWR’ , w yfllft^oirjr^reBraRi 

>o. mm** ^mm* nffcciw *Km* own mm *er* mm i 




i®. *ww^wa trs i»iiu sww uHn r*w mm i 
s8. *^»n « rwisr niKst w» mm i 
**. mw* mt yawi <nw maw nsri 

ifc. mrnwn ^m*tmrtnarRmmr5inHrc® mmi 
in. towm* 5nr Ratrwn men rrot mac* mm i 




Heat and temperature 


WWI sraa 1 % ai 4 wo *Bkjbi ^ 555 % uttta i ®t*t S«s ceca ’faroi ftc® 
«alft®a5l ^WRftuwtfl *ll4Wil «HJ 3 ^ £55® «HJ <?&!* ® >*K4 ®W 5W I 

’Mt4s ’R ’to *lffc%i «i'v^iB «icti jiwj il'Hfi urcai <®Kat *Kt4s out 'eicts 
•flawt ur aetfa® '®('33cntfi «fS aftaRhi aeKfltfi® 1 »imi » «t*t a*fla <wt am 3 f% 
ca® ala aaa aRnfiN <ati# *ilfl i 

® 1 E*W am : si *N^t® ®tc*H ura® apit ap (j) I ^rcta “t®® fattra ®M® (Cel) atas® 
WST I aMfl upR^tja ataj »("T< xcout I cal = 4.2 J I 


®W I diftm 5%® ItQlA.B, CC55V1 

ai« i *twjwla itww «t*tvtait* *ttft urai c 
ct ca*t *firc *nft (®ra cibis arc® aa%) ate i 
B os 5 lft®St * 8 w « ®® ’ewaffla *ilft wits i 
utata A *11® carats ®ra at® ur* c *11531 ate 
53 ® Splta l ut® *Bt afa ®& 1 o ur< 
ut®aM"3jt at® B *ltI3t epWe i urR valuta 



•Billito 


afro c *itcn ^att frfrt ®Heuhi atfr <=iin ®sp to ate® *ftra isaiaraarca&rata^aacai ®ta*t 
®r aj« ®iw ca *tflS3t iitaj ^atwfla ®st csta b *ttcia *iti^a ®wiB!t catH i ^^tBrea aww® iw 
aca ®t*M aNajaatdcs'ltfraaaer'taM ftfi®Br<ratB *ITCib *tifra ol'raut ®a i 


®fwan acra caicai a^a <saa ui®®t%t®s*liatfr^!aa®Q; A u^It ®ar a*ya a vr\tA uot 

a»$ffi ®i*i awitsauttiaaca 1 


awnanc® ®sma ®tas tw»i* ew ^jrt ®at cat® 
•not i ®ra*t wfr fcs®a ®a cac® asm a%i ft«M ®5 *h 

4®®ta <555 cafr t fV-^ a at® afraw ®a uri b 
* 3 ® 'mc*m afiRta cafri ^fa®d,sairafrw Zantac® 
B *ttar®im aatft® a® at®ca a®®*) at $®a *tti?t ®at*w 
4s>®l JRH 55 1 1 ’SePfWW ®l%l 5WRM xw ®ata iarea 



a 5 ? « 5 ® , faa®a ®ta aatft® ® awtat 


ISx 




'smtst caPt pt ata slats ala ca a*ga atastat as pt afa *w aw i ansmi *l®aiwa 
swas sis atctfift’Gto i 

atasrats aaa* «n*'4a(if%a aafeta aiastaw aaa ceafta (K) i 

cwfti : ca RPf5 »Halial e slfl Sift fts '=«Hlca$ artaaw, lift assarts sH^w ssaits aw 
area sifts fcssft^ (Triple Point) sw 9$ SaaPr^i atssrat 273 k aat ss 1 sifts taaf^a 
'siaaiapa zjjjfr atsca*9acaa1es(iK)swi 

Thermometric properties of matter 

atssmt sftsiws catai asters ftrts ftws afta aKa sisiwt ss 1 atsswa atsatsia aat safest 
ta ait Riiftaatw aSftRS's ss ■aat. <95 slilain aa a 5 ® aa® « ^awiM aMSMl R^Sn astsis pfc 
■rifca? ssirts atsstflia aw 1 ^ ssftca »Mslfta sa$ aw 1 ait^ifititsa atar aissiflia ssft 
smiaastssi 

'oMaiOia sfycsi aw riaii^a ®ii*'3'i, tala, apt ^ajift 1 sris aitSliTOiuwi carat <?to* tafta sws 
ftwts sft*» ’Hants* 'oHsiQs* sst$ *9aa siss Jssfta -oHsiIiis* <ft aat aai aa^oiw ana 
aittfiffiBicsw cacs 5a awaw area «ftre sjinca wistiQa ssrt aat arcaa bisca 'aissiQta at! aat 
as 1 

fc.« MaPlUia, alum&t « cW&s c^acss WO *\*\ 4 

Relation among Celsius, Farenheit and Kelvin scale 
calwt a 5 ^ atssiait sftaatw ftpftt asis aat atsstsis 9aft> pas awtas 1 atssiatia ctw fcsfts 
arar ijS)® RPWs aissisita ftsr aw west asi^l? atssiait i<iI5ts* ftisw awi ftwiw* >g5j5- 
ft'Sjftastiei 1 « isaffttsi®? 1 saw sics cs aisstans ftsw ssa swstft sssestftT , t'’ilft atsssa 
as ana ftsftwas awi 91a ftsw at asa ft 1 ^ awi siais sisis res ft>jat sift ca 
'siasMis a% atws sSsa as rea ©sffttsiwp aw 1 tesSPaswca ’sfsw at awf^e aw 1 
fttasa ij^flss saia'S 'srsstatts atssHta cstfta ataaia aw 1 pUPm* aiasHta awiwiw wt ast 
awaMM !?aa ?sfit asl aa» IwMsksta atoR*® (4nlt ; wnPisIn, aluwalW' a tani^n 1 

waPtsta, atBHaftJt e caafiR fa w astastatts *aaa 
aaww °c, °f *9atK 1 waPisft <.**<& R^PMsiw o° 
c, attsaat^n faw 32° F >9at caal^a faw 273 
k 1 WRtsw waRsta paw I00°c, aicswai?® 
paw212°F*9asca»ifeapaw373K 1 
eHaWW RRq iwa SCSI n— 1^ HHn i 
RKfjasw a *9at€«tff^raiaa B ft*fV# *9aflt 
aitiJiRtis westawt (fSat a.o) 1 aisas piaPtsta, 
atcRsW a caaf&H paw awil^a alcsi fiatls 
atPftfStBts atatatPt siat swt 1 ab ait^iPfititast p 
aa*ftwsatiaas1^ 5 ifi> pawaaiaw c, f *9atKi 






PA C-0 F-32 K-273 

BA ~ 100-0 ~ 212-32 ~ 373-273 
C F-32 K-273 
100 180 100 


. C F-32 K-273 
% S- 9 - 5 

aSla^H (6.1) pi"iPi«l4,<pksi4l?i> « iW6*i (.■"pms 4PIJ -r "1 4 4 s ® l 


( 6 . 1 ) 


sta ptaPiaw « ww aas a“i4 awt- caaPiaia wapra ante i aiw 273 pm ^spi 

C-wfsH paspiatfc <110111 4141 P144 l°CW'Wat = (lH-273)K = 274K'®t‘TOaTI 
'5r ' sfwtsia 'iKro i°C4Pipi1>i 1K aaaaiaatai 


‘llRIiia fialaaa fe.i : 55*1 41^3 Pisa 'si’pnan 98.4° F 
I Pf4p|4Pl f4K4 at'SW413It4 i 'S4t4? 


C F-32 
5 9 

C 98.4-32 
S~ 9 


preafatta, 

4TCS4SJ?? p^Pl ®T't4to1, 
F=98.4°F 

caaftam paspi ’spwait, c = ? 


4f C= 36.89° C 
®«a ■• 36.89° C 


G3ft 4CT4 '5M4MI PPlPl414 
PW *l®41 , t 4!ta fHcsialtJ « C^4%4 
IWI SR44 491 1 


'b.S '^(’6 »ff% 

Rise of temperature and internal energy of a body 

44t!$a '=iHm<]> i|Ri'®!.'5ja R>Rf(.» '4144T fflfa PI. 'Wlt^a ad«tPlt atat af^ta | atf^a 'Wt% 

aanaipt caca afaas-efaa aifa^ 45 1 wi e *ui^ta 44t$a M^C’pMi ataiwpifsica spirit; <fta i 
® at 3 Piia a? afei ®hi 4 (' 4 Hf^a aaaa 4a 1 aiaia asfSa laitfo 'a-j^wis 4 tai ^ia 44 -fta 4 e t 44 41114 
aw ftea*i% area 1 «ut% aatt% a^^tais 4 Wi 'arat't-laast't Pit aw fa®a*i% Pit i aait^a 


aaa 'aw Raa-ifo 1 pwmi a^c® i si%i 4% aan ^aw ®ia 'asF'aSa *1% arc? 1 wa «eoj"o31 c t 
4%a af%*l% ®Mf5^ l j?4iat 'SMaiai '^Pa aftla 1 




Thermal expansion of a substance 

anw stmts ssilSl® as ww 'sr*t awaits sa^fS® as i ass wimi Si*'* as, wr 
s"gf&a swjw wus waali* wsf alkali aw i wfts asitfia cww RWssansftw awa (ViSlt® 
wiBwt wtsn aft® aI4w Gift's aw siw aw snjhrii caw mww wt aw 1 ft"? emwt 
wl,'WWW3W»ttcawwBtawW'TOtww^®a^Qii r^r, ass ai4a£l sg* RialTift cat® aw 
was fta$t Rrjsa "fta i wish RRsiRtsftw ass ^jPs aw was wiw4s w^aa wot i astaalan ^ftsr 

anart Rfts a*?* R®wt •'aft™ aj® sita> its ®t sss apt® was ss i rs was, rUs stsj 
■^T5 swtisww ^ssw aft wts aw nsw ft’rta w g® ^Fs aw i IV'ig 4tea star gag swtia*fw 
^rw gfti caw wta4t w ®® g® aw at law ®tastm gftt ataw aw wfts a^pt star wgj]mt 

aaa ^Hw siw®ss <aw$ s% ftts 1%®a ftt® s®St sw wftw aita, attcaa ftw ®w ®ts caft 
sta cat® ansi isa wi 3 wjr Rgs a? sisits*tis afttsa ftt® sst aw isai.s*?ft aswssi® 
aaa i®ss ssifta caaw RiwwMfta* awa Sena ws aw ®itsa RWtS is aawa caft as i awfW 
ssti^r cww ®isstit gfasr mw RiCSwm gj>tfji> gPa aw i ®fiW asms atftla amttf satsta caft, 
®sw®wcstsws ■aaaa'fSaaairtaawwwai 
4».<b W'fct *fflC$3 IW 
Expansion of solids 

®ts ataw mam sifts ssntfa tsaf, caw iaaaw®s gfti aw i 
wftssetttofr^asWSeMjasias sw 

mfts sRjsw ®ts siata mam ftfiftt ftt® Zsal salsa cs sawa ss ®tt® a s ?fl>a ?s^j asms aw i 

aai aia, 0 ; wiaatww witsiswa tsst l It wtsmwi gPswts g 2 aw ms tirtj 

tssf^Ps = /*-/, 

watasiaatat^N = q 3 - % t 

frwfasmsmasraTamwsiTSflswmPisiei 

< 6 - 2 > * '■ > 

= 5^3!* iti m 

^tft trfjXwtaaaRr^ 

6.2 at w aft lift Zr% lj -lm latwtaanf ^Pa 
6i-0j -ik^ww. 

a- 

gwaw l m Jartw cwiwtwfta awt^a acsa wiaaksi 1 K^fti^w swift aw wltw ^ 
acsa t&awiwa iaal srbm aaa aw i ^aa <sw k _1 i wtaw sawa waa 16.7 x to - ® k j aat® 
^sw ca l m iwtfw ®ww awa wiaavn l k ^aw jw iat 1 6.7 x 1 0' e m ^ aw i 



20°C'swsn5m Mr loomi so 0 c «* <sa M 

100.033 m wi ^Hltes M 4WH*I Wl Ms TO I 


^wat^if 5 !, Mra’itiM’R'f, a=-r 


«nRMU, = 100m 
mW, l 2 = 100.033 m 
^'smnt,8i = 20°c 
c-wismian, e2=50°c 
wwiait^ e 2 -0, = 3OK 
M^, / 2 -/i = 0.033m 
Wij a = f 


| CSH *II?W CftlW WRB 'RHJ PlPW 5U PWtffl «nw trot 

calms 'alCT e afpt wtst 5W sPflS® to l a$ 
swiaws ’[ftTO*raj’#faai' , ftTOia | t 5 i ( •ihi#c*i jwmhs wot 
cV«p aim i 


*$0t 


(6.3) 


cror spibw « c’ra sPiBrt TOt 

awfs a*$S «HKW |P«t Ml aw M>d|TO ^P«l *im I aiW 
WiS sPtW TO! I TOtRW 0j<4H»lHlUl t$IMI •MII^S ^[cfct 
'»lft Ai 'Sfflffll ^Pfl^TOI 0 2 TOOT PR CT<i|<r*i A 2 

^J5SH'sMj(lail^P«t= 0 2 -0 j 
- At- At 

eroi 3>nsrt 'wtw p slat swt TOt to jus siRhhi 

_ Ar-Ai 

P A,(e 1 -6 1 ) ^ 

Rft PFITO x 'SMalJIM 

6.3 i R-'i51<rac'l aft ^ft CTOITOI A/- lm ! aWoHalai! ^ft| 

(0 2 -e,)- 1 kto^ 
p-4i-4=«*fti*fci m 

^SSM m 2 wawc*wi ’liWJa '#W*iWI 1 K^fts wi <iwfe c*ii<m ^ftl ’flu '®IW <S 

®*iwiwa c%a spiia'i aft acr i asr aj^K -1 1 

«l*ita croi data 4 ! aft 33.4 x lO^K^TIPS^IUrCT 1 m 2 CTOWPfif i«i>li*il wM strta ®M>IWI 1 K 
^Nwr'*» warm 33.4 x io-‘m 2 '5fa*iRri 





Ml Ml W® 5 ! ^nk4ii 'ot < W«l ^P*i "rail ax W'*i ^JP>) WX I •$& 


•i«i «il*i>, wliil vli« «iiR 'ils’ei FjdW^lR 'oM*l«l 
0,1 4i «Mgl ni!%«l W8,«5MWi WW®a ^ CEB 

wapiti = v 2 -v,\ wwiait^ 0,-0, i 

«iw**i swhM wiw y amt aw •wiasam mftaiai ftjua. 

y (6 - 4) 



6.4 aft Wlft nfllW Vj = 1 m 3 nw. WNM1 ■jH 0 2 -0, = 1 KW'W 

T-k,- k,-^ 1 t w^ii 

jpaM m’alfl'eMn C-VtLHI af&a •WC^J'fffWtST 1 K^ftS Wt WS^awaH W1CT ^ 

fc’H'ttwn «itaw^ spun*! ■n«>i wi i 

w i n WHW gWBH^I SO.lxlO^K 'wgfVm 1 m 3 «lHW»W WW Want 1 K^fttnwW 
nW»=t50.1xl0' s in 3 ^ftl*ICTI 
<apfitatapr™f$ i 
Tr=Ja'WP =2a 

Wl *WPfe SWUM 
Expansion of liquid 
wi •murfs ftft® t'rt? at cwaia*i «$i aiaft 

Wwi «tW I •^Mtvwsi’wi SPWWS WR 
^ixn^T : 5ic*r *11x1 i >* 


W aW CTS5I aCUt I 
nw’iwiw ii,ww. caonft*,$nm ajfo aotnfli wt swat 
aPit (fes : I tfiam Jraffi ^c*NI a5 *tKS WV 'ot’toMW *1lft ftcu 
aw -srem mt anrtPtw iwn wwa war amt i an aft atcw wo 

'ojk.'is nwta I man ■’lius an* *ilft uHl v*il l 

uw^nlMts wwmat alpaca w cant ntca aims am 'osms 
6+ltian tS^t S®'el« am wsins S*»l AI4s( 1 in WPS CnWIT 

aw cn ftfW wwawt ^P«® >nnwsc<w ftft^ asma aw 


u 


%.lr 

mi ftfeg hi 




Real and apparent expansion of liquid 

awata* ’rtat cwwt awn atfSwwRi wta aww awca wi « atw 8nuwl aawa art i <«t 
a>sw «swa ca oawa tour aw a® wi ww sjw aawa a* - wtaw sawa i i«k ««™ dahrt ^ 
8wW : "¥) *Ppe sfaWd « <0 WMW <WHW 

tf^ : awatw canal 'now at aw (a® awa aw) tsM ftca ww ca nwwa sawa wwf aitrw 
wm ays sawa awi ®ca wt aiaa* ww anara dawn ftwii aw a^wt , ®«™ wj^aawa 
adtwftspjsaawai •mr, wtamwaii 


d MW daM : cwil MIGI Wl OK WW %a ■osias ca 'JiW'bi SPIWa WdtW MWW WW, a4n Hiwm 
daHM ftta&als at iWOTB CT S’ 


df* STOW « W SFTOPBt TO w*a* 

dafct mm wifct as, aaRM* wras aw ®w «w ,< aw a<*® cancat awa tot wi wear i ladawsa 

WV OW aWffctW *WW flW ONI alta CW. W t*W SafiTOl A CW B MW a6«W C*W WICT I 
WWW WWW B aW WCW ’R WOT A MM WOT C MW v t<r'« I aw WWd WW dlllM TO 
awflW wwwa ^Fa aw i aw war wjw.d aw b cw cacaawi aw wwwt dsa an ea$ ww wwwa 
^lUay wat b caw c aW ®si i aft* aaWa crai wtcaa sawa caH ftaw <a^aart i wtate 
<jf%te ata araasw aata a aw a<“* f^i «aat. wiw cawtfciitai wfc ca acat aww datsd i 
csawtafBsPiwacpR^sawt dttawaawai ww r s awtawwawtasi 
ffc> TO cadr aw ca, 

CB = CA+AB 

v, -r.+r, ( 6 . 5 ) 

».> wtaam wmw i w wtcaf»w wta 

Thermal capacity and specific heat 
wtaaSM aa«l 

cwltat a^pi w"*P!ft'e wicaa d®atd aTflta wr, SaiaH e eMaiwta ®da Wb ww i 

t^iii a*pt eHauii <swa> arvtcw ca aSawwicaaannwaaaww it a’^swiaawawawtaw i 

wwawa aaei a»jti Saiaia tiwawowfiaa Wcflla i 

ast atw, c*cat a*?s wMam A8 al^iw Q aftaw wiaaicai ^sak saw arww wraaat ai^icw aw 







'BttBftFBi'StB 


>oS 


■a^s'5iaa t<wwi b^jb wibw <bb a^Bi'jit® pi bRIhM ®tcbb sjotr bb®tcb <t b*?b ®bh<.is 

'5HCTftR s ’®w?pn 

m ®BH £4IMI 'StBBiail A0 BlIfclM Bft Q 'SICTS auiNH BB ®tB BW® ®CSB & B^JB ®IBBkSI 
iSW aaRs Ball's ®1CBa iSMilwi BB ^®BK, 'BtEBf’fB 5 ®tB S = (6.7) 


»iii'iPt"* ®icbb <bb^ j kg' 1 K' 1 


BB1< 

BICBf^B ®1B (J kg' 1 K' 1 ) 

Btft 

4200 

BBV 

2100 

^ftBBfiB 

2000 

#BI 

130 

®IBT 

400 

rt 

230 


Q = msA9 

®$Tt 'Jit® ®IB BI slur's ®1B «55x sftCBfaa* ®IB x BIMiJIiilla Bt^T 

, =ilt'lRp' , »» ®tB « vstBBlBB T*i'Bla •»iH4 

cbw^-^bw wwiaa^si c, (6.7) ■'iSlwi pit® Ptat to «ntafo® asm 

S=-^=£ 


(6.8) 


<>.io w af^nta?r^tfa 

Fundamental principle of measurement of heat 

1%^ ®WBWId ^?ft V'gr.'f ®!%I BtpBrf «flBt BPI wltis BWT ®ItBS 'BlBlBSBH BB I PI B>$B wHalml 
CBf 5 ! PI ®IB B^B ®BtB ®IB PI B*?B ®TBBlS|1 ®B pi \5ta s^q ®BtBI ®1EBB at 3BB « B^iB BBt® 
BfftB B'S’FB BIR^I vjp* ®IBBMI RBtB BB I 

aft 3BB O B^tBB BBB C®ttB1 ®IB B& BI BB, ®tB caPt »MbIi*I* B^jPIt PI BlJaH ®IB B^B BBttB 
®B ®IBB13I1B B^^JtBT Pit BftalB ®TB 3BB ®BtB I 

'B^it put Bfife ®ia = put ^jft® ®ia 
i£|tlt ®TB BfBBIl'W ijaSlft I 


(6.9) 




iob* 

is.ii TOflt^a tobwitb 'stwia a®K 

Effect of heat on change of state 

TOT$ pBp W*1B Blast® <1151 1 CBBB- BS®B, Wl S <ils5ls I TOpB 14«il» Will TO1BBI RBswt ®tP- 

bbb , toP s v^UsiTO i to froft tobtotw bto&'Cb tor o bi«3)b bto bb i toPb TOt tobrii^wi 
P'Sb TOW Bli(t>PI 0 ®MBITOIB S’® I 

croiwt to^r TOitfw ism awpt tow ®aw BlS*!® TOat to, tow tor aw i tow ®r>t Pw a*?a 

'5TOWI <tl?C® TOW TOBt TOTO TOltW TOt STOW TOWS B*?B ®WR13[I TO? Rt I TO TOW CB TO TO? 
CTO 1 ! TOW ®1 TOt TOpR TOW RPR® TO I 0°C TOTOITO PWB TOW TO Pc® TOW ®MBWI 
^Pt CRW 0°C -TO TOW I TOBRB TO Pw 'SlTOtait ^pR TOW "It fro? BBTO TO 0°C ®matlB 
wipe's RfiM® TO® TOW I TOf?SR TOTO CTO 1 TO 5 ! «wdla ^TOWWB RRB TOtP CB ®H CTO"! TOB '5t 
®tB TOSSTOPtpTO TORR TOt® TO® TOW I 

o°c ®mrata toPcto tobs to aww tow toritoi <n?c® tow i ®nata to attw tow toP brr 

TO^BBWt TObR® TO® TOW ®RR TOB ®HB13IT Bit? TO I lift RRB TOP TO CTOBR TOW B1B% TOBTOtB 
yirofl® TO I TOTOflS TOBWB TOa8TOMf<TO TOR TOTO5 ®IWB 3TO PTORR I pRSTOW BRlftB 
TOfP WW TO TO'RIB't TOW ®W 3RW ®BW TOBt®BR CTOW TO TORTOBR TOW ®Wto($W TOaB® TOt 
BIB I ^®ap.Bllc4s TOBTO1B RPr^CR ®tCTB 3TO StSPttBPtJ I 

fc.it *PH, R|*^|\8R<1 « R^I'ORR 

Fusion, vaporization and condensation 

BRR 

®Pf SJWTW TOf&R RRpW TOW RPR® BRTW TOR BW I CB Ppt? ®PIBtBIB TOf&R RRp TOIC® ^TOW 
Pit ®P1R13nw TOPIW BW I TOTO TOtP TO TOII TOW5 TOt ®PW0l PtB TOW I 

TOflC^B TOB TOBTOt CRW BP^lB TOBTOtB RfsS'l® TOBIB B&TOW Bt^SBB BW I TOt BT^t®BR ?tP 
TOfPt® 5C® TOW- 

(i) BPTOBB (Evaporation) s 

(ii) *$R (Boiling) 

CBWIWT ®PTOBIB TOWB ’J'JRIat ®BPTO CRW ftw ftw BtWt *|PTO5 BSBIB a&SIW BITOIBB BW I 

I TOtrol*: TOTOp Blltl® TOP Pw l® IB IB BtSB TOTO WlW ®W TOS I ^ TOtoPb TOB WB 

TOPB 'll TOBWf WTO BIW BlftB TOP TOB CtW TOt TOP TOW TOIBB ^ f 


BCBB ®PWS|tC®s TOP W^IbbIcTO BIBB® w« I ®ltTOPTOB WWI TOtltBPTOBB I 

: ®PI 3CB1W TOBsft PPTO TOIBIaUB ®BWB RBTO TOR WWg®BIWI BpTOs BTOlB B?TOW TO^IP 
BW I CB RPi ®HBUISI WICTO TOWB BB, ®IW <t TOWB ■>"$•* l»q> BW I to^TOC®PB BR BtCBB 

©bbP^bbto I 







•iSItI; aft ’iSiH 'Itf’t ’SR^’S. OTtt alta C'ttfl’llft iSafli ftft® 

®l*UlkSl* *)>C® T0; fWI <nat®*faatt»Hal , '8fil® VM. *<$1 I t»sK C^TsjtT O’! Wl 

otwiwt wraraia ^bi% w'tra cat® aita^tais «8jftitwfit «nwatnra ata%®a*na 


: SflWIflJEPI aftca ONWI Maltha 4W9ll »H*tl Wt® Wl ■ai-hlii $ i 'H"®fil'4 'WTO 3&a1t® 
«j51'S»-qi aw I 

'b.i'S ’H'llcms blWfl ifSM 

Effect of pressure on boiling points 

ftcu^acawt : ijt Rarest awtas jw am ftts fofH cana ®ca awca^aw i ^ wit® 
^4sil m?T ClCI Rcaca I t^lt 


wis^lt ^ISs ’'PfotflSW *!?TO PWIW *hHW ^OT 'To ’hit«f 
0°C <« ®ib m 3S l ft"? aftstasr ®jjrat 0”C I ®ft^rtwtFH 
aswmrawi *i*itst mj atniBr^lii ®w <M*f ww wjD® ata i mwm 
^aoi iftm 'jiam 0°C aa i ®i$ *rtwi*w asw aat lift am asor 
•tfiftsasi ia$ a>isc*i m steam ■®at»i tj? Ijaai a*Rf ■flas^as'ia *iftt®asi 
5t*f ftta ^ft 5 ! ®aw asta ® TM 5 P 1 ■®ta ®tal?r^6^ ^a*tia 
®wt® ^ptWII®^ at*t 1 

•mtt^sr ®aa sit'S^aa-^ftw w*ij *i«hi«p a® aft® an 1 sicas mt *i*mw a13<fti ijJJbim at® atia 1 
• ®ata aaa iw amt&t wm .sta ata w ^asw), ata ai?ta ®twa 

’hi W aw ala a<fta m «M»iii<)ifl atai 



cat? am (am cm), ma ai?ta ’ 






*WMS 

Latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporisation 

whj ^iaar aafa, '5t*i atattaa ata asf$« aaittfa 'araarai w <hwkw iPitaia 

aaPf 'sata yfl"eR» asat wwtana aia aa at i anita ca afilaw wt a$a autfw w 

aa^aia ^■ y ii' , 'osi a*aa ’htas ^o®h i 

4? ^5M <p$a 'staaMia aRls'ia ata ar (V^anasrawft^ a'aa PlPla >kim aja aa i 

■y'e’oM: ^aa ^®ta ataat <ra<.'o ai«pta aaa ^aiatiist •*<$Sait'«p 'St 0 ! 'area '$aa a^ 
'®TR ataffl a*at caw at wa '®aa aCT 4 ai''sR '4 a'sataip's'STRalaitl^iaaitasi >aatta ca aRaM 

'®M'saa aattoai^ waia^at"'®aasaa'®i$at , ^t®ataaga 5 'sT"ti 
awtiata%®a'®ta®«a: ’iscas l^ta a?a ailta a^Piw atft aww £ atft fcr®taa i aifiSa <paPts atta 
< a 3 RsiT l^s atw fls lata a^ar atft i^ca affaca aita o atca afa*w aa i a^aj sicaiaaita ^s®ra 
aafas aiftaaaaiaata tsat iraiaa i 

wts aiftstaa aitai atPt arata 'niwaaati aaaa, <S aitaia atta faa aw at taaa awiawa wttai 
jjcaM ’jW aa at i 

aaia aa c®iaia caa caw aaa aia caa aa j ^aa awia awita irer aa can ? 

Raws §»I?J 4WISIMd Ws^]«i\a| 

Dependence of evaporation on various factors 
RaRftw Rscaa ®aa sMl*<i fa^a wta : 
aR[ aaia : wataa ®aa an aata ^^Pa cata awttaa 5® aa 1 
'sapia ©afawtaa 

cwswa : 'sataaSa&staacaaiaaa'scaPtaa.aTaiiaawgsaai 

t>acaaa<j% : R&u 'sscas sMiacas ala RR>t| 1 witas ^aiw "aa ata sMiacaa ala caPl 
aai ®aift 'sataa awiataa ala a^iRa 5 1 

®ataa®aam : 'sataa^aaalaa^taaaiaai^wawnatRaaiaattatarsiawttaawftataaaia 
ait? 1 ’ppaitaawiataaaiaa^tRa' 1 

®aa a w a^ij| 

aflp S<fK>i : 'saa i a '®aa aijijtaiaa®^'®! sl»ca sMlsa jjsaa 1 

alaa ’jw^t : aaa aatt^a Safawia aiw w ’J’w ata, asffc alat® a® a*a ilaaM vita 

TWi 



SSS1W Afa I 

Staaj : <«t<M asa a&a’rS isatSaakw* stw a "# A<fs « msfSai«iwa i 

<rnrtlf4: wiPwl-'i S!cSfll»|iGls,SiPP, ■wta , sAk . APIS , attests I 
^As^aA i >. ft^ssw Acs am aafl! Aai« aw i 

*. "HiClfttlfica 'iw&sls S1W SatP ^flAa St*IJ <5SW SIC® St^A SSPBI SCSI Stt® A"^S 

R<fiws aitaar stca i 

a. ®ia amis ats ?tts ftai ®tsstafl aw6 asc® 5 m 1 
s. aA AAct; 'iH'iui csa£ as a® 1 * 4 ! a<As as asa si »ic»t sis i 
<t. Asms Asm asa s"^f am atA sals ase aia At® aitat wi ar ®taslafl 20 c C- 
25°C as 1 aAAAtS'sTOlanAPw^i 
&. aws 'sptfra aimita aisslafl sals ass caaftai aass as 1 
a. mafiiai si aw cata asms aaatw css as 1 
v. malSwts a^A attaiEst as i 



aSaissts: aiAs ’ajjAiw A4s i 

twti : aiAs >j{pH atjtsaa asi ^Uaitwa sits ®Msiaw AAi ast i 


s"3jaiA: atttfiAfts, sAis, Aals, Cassis i 

aAs*sA: >. tsafil Aaitsaaaisslaiia aiAaw ascAartss StAt® snArASisfii *ssa®its^itsa as 
css spjffi Aatcss aits si sics i 

sAitss srksj siAc® ®rs aw ass > AAt asas aiAs aHsiai aa^ as i 
<a. sa as aiAs am® ioo°cs^ssaissaSaw^as^'sis>iBii ; 5PifSitajsii 
a. aw® atsjs aitsita 'stasui-sas cssAs ssw as 1 
a. i*h!mi caw aiAs A*fs as 1 ” 

to. mafttais a^A stcsisst as i .»J 


1 aas taafSu (Graph) awa 1 





m 


<lgp<3!&<il sq 

’rffo S'aditd ’tin Itm (V) IS? HI'S 

ii cspi’nt^'Wta’TO^itspippnpi W w^bpwip) la^’fWuNt^sw 5 ? t 

55. PIRJ 51135 5H15 SHI I 

5. Itusw c«H*fltwsi 'smwmi 15N JW <sit<i «shi i 

3. eH'tll® 5515 5155 *fi> 5B «IH 5H15 SHJ I 
5. ®1% swinFia w csw 515™ ’tfama 5H15 wi i 

*1 5^1® CTO "IWRr 5t5|5| rom CHS C5H f 

5 s . 't*l155l'5t’l 3IE55 515 C555t'5W5 51'51t 
5. 5WRR fte'I'SH ^C5 'Sit 
b. *in» swpi ^ta am awt ssia 'sit 

a. iwm am ’Hi’# cro^a fata aStat ijw ala ®it i 

« I ^'5'5TC*H B1BJC5 ~ 

i. <5^<i '&M*iliir^l’3B I 

ii. <^£<1 SHHH *llsh<ii 51.’ I 

iii. <’£<5 *1% aia | 

f^LDSl ’ll5<P ? 

fresa »iH)c«ij 8 a eagataa Slants 



B I ’f'jff a?PF ros w roi csrcaft?! ? 

m. 2 ItPft 5. 4 

5. 6f5fit 5. 8 ftPft 

ffi 5#ra <iiPi<i loMniigi ^B<ik«<p c-T ^.Ic.'o awi«i<ila aaa w f5M> 

5S. 6 *t. 8 

*1. 12 5. 18 

SI. ■^w<i"j'l' , l Sftt 

II 'j^fB tS'ljR’op tjiSa BBJa'if ’ga't 30 m I s(fB uglus 5111111 30.001m CK.*fjfl 'sl’ila win ca$H ’TO?H 5 I 
ws5t £ fta 5155 'Strom H*t 30° c 1 '5W5 W5 roaa rot 16.7 x ur 6 K 1 1 ^itamipi 
C5ftH5113^iroillt 4° C 5P5 PlPH VoIsJlTJ flits CTO I 
5 s . BlPifl ftsafa'jsi BSSSt at© I 

<1. 55?5 W’WH^CTS iUCTfUStroait 1^5175 roit5!?'5lMTt 5H I 

si. 5155 'smbWIw waamtG <?roi row ro 1 

5. 'siaft Itss aiata ^laa stlfiftm ujis-'ig rout ma i 



’P'SJf «KJt5 

'Q 

WAVES AND SOUND 



RUfaH 3lf*l« fB*T 41411 W*»t c>rti» ^ I Wlfttt 4 5 8»<He<CT4 s 0"llPtTOl^nHW 
3*T *OT S’ffll «B«t I "W ^lliliww 3*PB Wrtl I *(W)W? «ITWt W5 CfflW w 
31® I *l*f 4NIWS #I<K*M 3IW 'WJBWWM I 4WI 3H fTI "iUIlHji hWI^3 ’TOI I 4^ 

*wnni ^roit «*•(, , w, *lwa af%>wft, iw* ct»i. ^ a^f% f^w ^iwls^f ^sw 1 1 


VON *tft 11C3 ^l>rtl- 
i. wicwls £«iR£j <uKJt ‘hh.® 3BTC 

ulR-n^t^ 3WT 5W •tlRi’W *3H*i *lti*jr*l 441*8 3BPTI 

o. *t3 *81*18 i-lflil ^jH)I •We* *IBR I 

8. 7[f® ^iwt WOS 3BW 1 

*. ti-iBii 4l*itr dfVwRs ^)«w}s «uMj| Mw 41*4 1 

t>. *iw» evt, f4w 44 ». *jh*i trrt® *tiWfc* 4 "i 4 *tw- rtw 

8. How sjHj' 3fiI3 1 

V. 3I<U«W ^Ht « 4WS 8)88* ^INTt "Iff*! I 
fc. HvHt) ®8 >8 •a^'81 4JMH 33IW 3RFT I 

bo. 3*^CT8’*fiHe*3RW4^a®^WC ; $W»l3[JN]t'*?rc l 5 3BFn 






Waves 

ft»3 ■Hlfit'o i93ft 16®I U9 3Btt TO1 I fiftft 333 ifii* 3131® 3K3 WI ^ -Hills *1lft3 
sHUH silcnlftw 55 1 3i *lc*tlftw **lhlP 1 l ’ll4<i'S( f^l3 <Hliji*ik* nilc'ilft's I >9®tI3 W 31® 
33K® WI31"*ft® TO 3TOH33 WTO ’i'ftois (Vlhllil ftpi 
Sihtai ®ei ft’"? ■'ii*K.»m fti* vbpbi w 311 tat vm 
■iit 33133 »lft3 to pi *i$I3^s W33H *ilft3 833 ftni to 
313 ®tc*| ®3*t toi «tifts® 3tP3WM3 *131*1 sflft* 

<Hft<ii3 W 3 IP 19 * 3%3 55 ®T *"icis »ita)t*i «i*Hh 
3t® wnHIw 33<lft® 33 I Jjtaflk 1*3*1 3131 *1% iiWH 
Pt5® ®3]»ffc3 33»lft* 33 I 

PI 1^13^5 «H73I*H C3TC3I HWJtVfl CTO 

*$3, wi 31 3T9TO CT tai^ta Ws 33 ®T slPta* *3*1 1 "tips *3^1,33 *3*1 5J1|ft tlPoi* 
*3*1 1 s[Fbil* *fl*1 -tHHC 33 **u ftsT'SHM* ttaKHfl dtfltapi I *13 'll* 33E33*S*l3tC33f3WIC33®3J 
C*tt313l<<!3TO3tl ■fflHTOt*1f$*t6tTOF*a*t I 

8tW pi 383 H taro wioti iipiim ’j^prw 3ifta® *src*m toj %hto sttoi i wpi *3*1 
tat® IVf&HH* 9I3IW 133 ? ®3»ft® 3TOt I 
®3C*|3 Stfiij' 1'15 R 337 I 

S. 3(31133 Vll^Clta ’Ifall VC*1 *3*1 ^[(V 33 fV'lg *"II^C*lta HI§1 33 3t I 

3lft3*®3*t 3HI3W3 B3J 9H1J3 di«i<**< I 
<a. *3*1 (9**tl3 Pit* 333*I1C3 3% 3*133*01 I 

8. *sc*Is €3*1 alftws S^fts 833 ft^3 ‘toil I 
<t. ®ai*fi[ afetaH, a(%33<t'e8'i®3i®3 3!®i 
®3t*ts JH'taiwi 

®3*I'3$21*13: S)*3SW®3*I-*)*g]ft3f®3*tl 

®W : tCS3 3113 i!prtl 3*lt 3(ijf 31» | tff$3 iqW* 3WR> 3® *TOTO3 31W *l6*te I *33 | 
81"® TO TO 833-ffo 31*113-3113 3*133 *3 I 
iftos ta3W 9.* Rita* ^37BI TOfl> *31*13 TO I *1* *3 
3TC®3 IWH 31 ®*1W3 ft* 883-ftl 31 W3-31E3 ft’Tf tw» 

*91*13 ®1ftl9 ft* *^ft* I taTO **8t39 ft* *33*13 3ft9 i 
ftt*3 3W *hahll« 3f *W 331331 >9$ *3*1$ 3OT ®3TOi 
*3*tl ^S3K3133t 3*E® *#, C3 *3*1 3W33 ftl*3 3tWf 
*P3*lt3 3*133 33 *K* 3RSP3 *3*>t 353 I *1lft3 *3*1 3^P3 3s 
*3WB STOW I 



C3ISJ3I 3lft3 3*HUCTPt5,*33ftl5 



(Slits 






dWflffSiSCT ^ .o Idubs ’em 'fllo'WMI 5E*ft I ‘3513 viksi ®3 ^5 Sf® TO fowls 5J1B 'ikin- 
Pl« al® WH ®1?l I 51® ’ikMS ftc® Rot 1%|<[-'£i a®fS ■'ra^lD'i a*tkw ’jfiS 5C5 ®13t3 51® flvis 
ft£4 Rc*l iWftaaimaalBS^fiiTOI »l<£4lbH « aaHf SRI5 aNC*M ftt® ®SPM 5RI 51£® I «"I1PI 
5)£®a a®1*H 5t ®“'R PlRl® wiHa OT$ ftt® '=tti'is 55 1 ®4® mtEa 4"tfm ft® i*W®5Wa *lfts 
ft® *t*TO a5t"®st*i ® a®$ i ■•jvoflR me® ’lift, ct ®a®t ®— iot« Rc4«i aiw a5i*®at®8iE5 
WSI 55 ®1E® ®^t*t4j ®tf»l -<c® I ®\( ‘IftiC'l TO® ®3®t ailjftCl ««®M I 

®ac*ta ®aw ) M e ®a»MW TOi , ®jpi4 j ®to>i sift 5E® 
'o sj*ihH i 

<u 

Wave related quantities 

^4 ®f5H : ®siHs ^S*BPt tit'll ®*1t i3®IS ftflftj CSE® TOPR4QI 
®l®B‘9®$ft®C5E®Ca$ft’i£®ft®‘TO®1E®‘4®fl!34TOH4»lt5S 
541341*1 : pi ’’TO *15*15 ®src»ta seB i ®4ta w ®n wiuHa S-*ta«t 
C®R ®»m ifl®ft *(4 TOR TOIjj 53®1C® 5<!k®W TO I *fttS®WE® T5St a®M ®ST 55 I ‘US <£l®® 



IS®: <1.* 

4“1|W : aft CTC4TO 3®1Wl 14 ®fl*f ^ft> 55 ®1E® ®»HW|£ ®"IW TO I ®3®l ^ft> 55 4"H4ft 
ME® ®lt ®-r4)*i ®TOW ®5EW|5 4~llw* aaR I 4“ilt»pa <3®® 5p4 (Hz) I TOh41*I 
C®lEat 5*5®‘tt a® PK®5® ®®!S ^4 TOW R”tij WIW ®1a Hkw 1 Hz TO I ‘HE® /5l3l a®t*f 

®St5SI 4"1H4 « ’l4ra®ttaBTOl45Pir /= y 

ft*®fir : ®TO 5E® 5W tnqjpia 4*llttMM 'ikjHHk.i* ^ 5IE5 5E® 5C3 1 d|i(JK*IH 
oti® crorot ®®ftc® ®s»tft®B c®h ®as a4ift® amE® ft’®® to i <).«• fStat a 5E*it R*ei* i 
a®t ; £®R?rt <3®fl> \sd®iii5l® ®®a tvt®itii afts awS® «r®«it a®it® siftE® ®13 aaTTOi 
afta aiaft® ®rot ®ic® ®‘ts *ifta ft®, am, cm,^jm $®jtft ^4® i ®^sw ®sro»ta 
®ftj(^?ia^5a4ai ®®t' , nni®t®i 

t.tlSciip a®, i’'® r e r 1 ®Mt’pn mu ®K5 i 




■ p l*Tl4f<rs0|'< 



R R' 

ISar *».«» 


frpf : wsc®ta (3S|WT aPBI 4as)t ^ PI 5R?r 5HPl Pit WS '53®t Plfj^ ’js'tj 

^%55I I5IW '®a®( t'plf ^PI I 'ostw’la tPSI t!Wt ■'f’^TS iffspl ’Bffil f§ft ^tla R*O^S Ijs'qt 

w t 1 ^ i isawt tifarw A wfSf^'5 ; ?ai5?n aja aj^p?p Isltra <m) i 
ftcs pp’^i rr 1 t'l^stPti^awtt'ifjAi 

«s*| c^1 : fi R« '53®l 'iw (WW PI ffiJt TO Wl PI’I <lt"l I 

<i.« 'saw^uRr*? «p«i-9fS 3f»i -4 

A few relations related to wave 
a'Hlwf s ’PfNwtWSI JIWT ^"14 

ESPRIT Wlft 3 ®PiT i T*fl B T <>^^1 1 PTC^sps W^t Jr™!^ asSS aPI I il)t <t*^Is^'<p / inn! 

a*3T 551 1 WHIsI ’Wlll-^W 7"5P! 

T Plt^t^ ^Pkis ^Tsi^tn lit 
1 P1WO „ „ y ft 

1 wwss 4t '■Pri ^jlt <p- 1 lwp 1 •i«ak ^-Ww /= ^ (7.1) 

'WHipl o ^IPIJ ■'i H4* 

^ISRIt flj# 1 c.'ipw.® <i«»J i (.«il 'j4"t'W ^l^lg W <p"llwp aPlI l 51a1?l 1 ft 'Jff ’W'fW?! PSJPI 

»9W< «ili4<pi-» 1 ^san.'®a®tt f f^iA?pi, 

1 ft <p“iMiS pats w»te i* j '4 1^5 - A 
/ft 'jif <f“ic-<< W5 we»lii «il^tfi''is -/A 
pre5^^»nw/wtt /ft ffi 'sa®t 1 pic^c® 

^®HR 1 WM® hasp's >ja't ”/A 

«atit 'sa®lw’t v 1 ^s?!R^?i®t cas) 

V= /A 


(7.2) 



4tRR>5 <t.> : 35f® 4*$ 4i®H4 pi 44 ^f® 5t3 ®13 ®swt £ 4^1 20 cm 1 4WH4 4143 144 

340 m s" 1 5PI 33 WIW9 4<1135I4 143 53 1 


51531 4lR, 

<m,v-fk 

f~l." 0.2m 1700 Hz 

r= /=T7MF = 0 0005885 
= 5.88 x 10" 4 s 

1700Hz ;4%5t4 5.88 x 10 4 s 


148314115, 

X = 20 cm= 0.2 m 
4143144, v = 340ms“‘ 

4*13514, T= 7 


3.8 *l'f'5«wt 
Sound wive 

4|*|«I 5lR 44 35 3513 3% I 3t 4% 444R® 53 44 'oflc.wHs 514515 I 44 'oflwl 5141 351® 
®3®1 1 iiit ®3®1 iiwims 453 5145153 54iut4i3 41 ■"s*4^ms 
4H5154 8 3313143 ^f® 45 (ftU 3.3) I 51455 RlS 35lft® 513 
3? 44®3Wt 4131143 5114 315 44143 54^1® 51413 1 ®1B4J 13 I itt 


*5fPi* 4®1 545 altw ®44 51® Rm 4lc«> 4k«> 51* 5314 i .47 1 i i i i i ||||||||||||||||||||| 1 1 1 
4^ 41314 13 8«1 *m I 444 ^ 541 44 ®44 4Rl®mi3 U I II I II lllllllllllll 1 1 1 
5J* 53 14414 coNls 5&41*t ^1415 1 1&3 3.3 


5*51* : 35fl> 4&1413 3l1tt.® 4lf* 51* I 4lffil5 5141® 53 I 44 *J4t® *Ki*) I Hlfii'o 53 3g( CB®« 
1441® 41CT0I 4413 51® ftl3 ■qlltltia 4 4011 1 *15 f% 445 ■J'K.'o 4W511 4lRll5®fa41I5r 


3's54 4lffif6 45 ^[f® 53ft5 ®®54 14fi> l$14l5®lt ^ 4JJ 
®31®13 ^f® 3C.rn.3l slRIus 44 1415 PtPl ®13 5*455 1415 
1415 413 CB&8 M15 14151 *f»3IV 141411 144 5*4515 4*5 44 
^f® 513 I 1®"$ 151141 4*$ ®1414t 13 41531 14t 44 *Jpl® 

4131141 354 15T14T 541 14* I 4143 ®44 5 G31®13 51141 35® 

W? 51455 4151® 514 341 ®4143 54W 20H* 1415 
20.000H, 413 5145 51® 514 1 

ffil: 3.V 



44 ®Sl»tS i4ft®J 

151151 3*4L« 5*4153 514 44 ®35f ^f® 53 1543 4454143 545 154(^^4145 5C5 5145153 313144 53 I 
®lt *1415 ifl5f® 5lRa5 ®35t 441 53 I 3* '331513 341153 ®5 <344 5*4143 ®5 35*414 3ft 35® 
4^?4*5®3®fl *14 ®31»t3 144 5145133 3^f®3®43®*3*t4 1 413ft3 514513 33 144 55, ®314®13 
1513 14f“t, 5®4 4451* 41131 14f*l I 4143 'Sls'sl ®3l»l3 R**ll33 41% 45l*34t1®5 I 4*K ®31»13 
R'ols 14f*l 514 4143 'Sls'sl 14f*l 514 I *14 ®3C®13 3f®544, 3f®434 8 ®4l?H®4 4*4 I 4143 144 
5145133 ®M3MI 8 41^®I3 ®43« R^34l4 I 



iib- asiltft*»H 

‘i.e afeasft 

Echo 

atla atflS tllatii ’W ^353 *13 Pit *CTa CttrTBTi afiiwsl *sc«l mlSTPiS 'apic-rot 

STK5I *1151® 31 itwiwa 3*15? (Sites *PT '3353 Sfjja aSat I 3^: sflPi 35a3 iS3ait"S5 3[ft SSS53 
“IS #3* Pit *W PtHT 31S I i!ias V|i>»i| icaa ^5® I 

333 C3t53t *W?3 *f*f C353 «IWMI 555 "SJ3 *tr>rS tp3I^% 3331, W it SRxpPi'o -l*tca> afm«wf^ 
353 I 35S 3SHS afoWiS «t3J *afsa almaaft 3PI I 

Si'Sxf'lPWi •pj'53 ■qj'5 

wteat 3=3*1# *w si aafa 3U3 pirn 33 pit 3133 ca*r am wt <po 3133 aisieas afasew caw 

am 1 awi3i55fer>iiiSt'53 ! i3 3C3i at tyitww sear w -H 3tca aea itlycs mt misai »i law 33a 

’pc® aft 31 1 »£4SK 53=1531 313*1# 3533 af%33ft ’pW 313 afeWPW ®33 C3W aS3 =335=5 3W5 
3C3 315=s ■p *W aRxpFi's 3C3 3=153 fa=53 oil-'ii's Crisis -j^ C3CTO 333 CSS I 3ft 0°C wMaksIs 3155® 


“twa css 332 ms -1 sat as 151353 ^ cacssc® *m 33.2 m am 1 gsam 



am 1 isaa sr ®sss[ w e cat •te’sa af®*« 1 a cataia saia# aaa aiat af®a ataicsj fata ami am 1 

sat aw, sift ^icte affamr h , 

as ®ssg s=at e af®asft caiam ssis# aaa t, 

seas cas v, 

ass as ®ssg aeaia aa sifs ^ af®sft® 35a cai®ta stes fira siac® 5353=5 2 h =535 «if®a>a 353 
rnmaa, 2 h-vxt 



^533 a© =j5&a =t§la®i 16.6 Itticaa am 55a, afe'aft ist sits# sal 3313553 at 1 
i9a>t«iw 535=^3 afaw ssicta a^sta 31c® 13 s=af® sjaam 5W 1 



TOtS slsltsj? TO TOT I S11S ®1Pt CTOT ST I SfljS ■( cries t-llcws TO 2®S TOC® 

< ttsi tots Tpwe tosi^ to tost ^pt® «nt sti ms senes toiitos to 2®fS to tow 

SffcOTPRTI 4 TO CS4WT STRi-TOC® TO CTCB TOR Sl’JtSS TOWTOITOOTlftSITOtTO’IWSStt® 
TOS PI TOcfl C4IWI S*J «I1W foST I S11S TOTW ®1S R<t>Me TO I ift TOPICS TO 



ai>3jicTOtsisi 

^IStH 1,00000 SJ*f 4“1 Icwm TO 2®fi) TO® a 1 pE® SICS I 

vi ’twa wta «i®4'£*i 

Variation of velocity of sound 
TO 1S<?1 PCT TOIOM TOW TO TOM ftljil TOS Pitt I Slfa WCTO® TOS®fct TOT S|feR TOSTOC® 
-Icrs cs’l st»i I Hers CTO t rcsirfti Rscws fiSS P€s TO! I 

TOjvts tfyRi : Rl«a tojct iw crol RR>a i ©rosTOiS'sti, sift ‘sro.wisit® TOfaeTOtftafta 1 
20°C TOWS SUM TORI CTOt 344 m s’ 1 , SlftM 1450 m s' 1 , TO CTOS 5 130 m s’ 1 1 TOOT®1IS 
TOIt tits silt® TOTS CSS TOS,®SW ®1S CTO CSPt TO TOfSs SSttff WTO CSft I 

ftcrsl TO : SIR (tin CTOfttSTe I ills RS Rtla »i-sl (Sr*< TO TOT CTOlfr i$ltcr of*s rs I 

C®1TO TO*[ TOST C®ffitl IS SlPfCS TO TORS I ®S3 CTOfBTS TO SlfttS P& TO CS1TO ®sSt 


ft TO Tpw SISWt 3St ■j,*it'o TOCS I TOSS TOW TO TOlft® St'S TO TO! St eisfif TOSs SSltf I 


HI! 




s*o ’WtfftaPt 

®PI5Hlli 5153T «l<l*l>|l *1® sl^L'c Hens CTflu T® 51^ l tiWHj ^l®5fll ytflTl ^I'n^Ilti Hens CVt 
C*ftl 

falttW i 20°C ®mjfln <mt» 1l«M C5t 344 m s' 1 1 0°C ®mfl*T5 Crt 332 m s’ 1 1 2# 1°C 
®M5M ^e® 5HC» Ttra cvr »1Wr 

BRfl Blj®! : 5155 viDjol ^pfl[ CICT fllTB CVf ’flu I 5T57 5l?5 ®W CMt lltt® -Iv'ts <M 

C5WI 

A> Jjt'V'Stt %T « iSJPW^JTOJ 
Audibility range and fti uses 

MatTtft, 5*jpr 5H5ti aft t®lwi afa w iw wiw 20 aftr ®fta ®ta 

pft MJ CK® ’IT CM 5155 I <5®|55 515R AT 5f>t WW 20,000 Tt5f 45 <5Pt 55 
'SHPW’flT CM 5155 51 1 T®SR TPlIcni 5fl55 55 ”15 C115T 515 ®H Mil its %TI 5Pfl 20 Hz CBCT 
20.000Hzl Mima 4$ ’flaw 3OT5« *IBt (Audible Range) 5551 flfS MW 20 Hz -£H 5=5 
55 w oIit ict»« (hrfrasonic) *»Hi 555 I 5ft 20,000Hz >9* C5f% TO ®55 W inlw 
(Ultrasonic) MPT 5CT I *I5VW« Mima IT 515J55 ^55® 5t ClCW 5l^jl, ^5, C$t5lfta 5flB ftf 
ftfSlffi) ill TT TilC® ’flSTTPlB! YTt®« ’It® I 


55J8B 1®Wl IMf i *TVtiNI 5®5®t (Mc!H 5RJ SONAR 51W MI 5J5?® 511 1 SONAR <55 
515 Sound Navigation And Ranging I 4$ sc® ivvlw* MIlWHI TT C8B5 5 H5CHI 515*11 5115 1 



Id = vxl 


(7-4) 




*Pf ^TWHT e 3W1 ftm d + d = 2d *W «(I4s>»i 5a l #1 "kr# C5»t WE5 S'luw ^5l<wic'(* »wi™ 
T t®s'si ft4s ml 5t5 i 

5 M 0 ?* 3mt afilmta 5*t; iiwh ^i^p<p as 5nro 5Bt aiat 33 m 5Ws * 18*519551 

9Sn *t& ' s fTO 5 ^1 5a 5M? liftui Oft Pit *11% wrc ?H«« 53 

{89*1591551 *3? 1 1*r ‘pHcsja *m"ili5 *ftc9 C49 5a 51C9 39i5W? Y lS*vta 5E9 919 I 
am Wm i >iHj.<is oftss 3®i"s5H 5ft <5*5* 9191 aw wen 919 osm imlsa Hii« ’■ims 
3W1OT 5ft *5J9 aw ftfa 59t 919 1 lift 8&9I9 919 ’•niwwwfr (UHrasonograpliy) I lift 59 C9I99 

i arej"iui earn wm 39v aftvft* 9919 9iwii5 ilftm to ftftftiw* *ftl9 emit 591 

5m iWt*ii aiw «ti5m 991 *ro? i 

I8%ml cwbbs %59 *iwa whi* ihi’IctI'm 5-ta* ’I'f sj3g» 55 1 RwR* ait »iwr 

mB5»(y(5a5T3 , P119CT95tOTe lift’IW <u<t5» 55 I 

lulu *ii'o«i FW 91 atm 9ft*i mymiPf ,<p< vimifo afilmi* 5919 5tar, 

5%59fflW#9t3 i I W!P1951?5e *lfTl59 5’*f!39 *PF3Rf'559l 


‘((.'I'M «“ 1 (.m ftfal 5 tft 1 Hz WW 20 Hz I lift "pHc-m W*f 

9135 'iu'o ai9ai5{9 C5fcai tWwi ^«wy? •iitw ami 51% lift 

5**1M4 1 W 9H1 fiww* 9WF CTMI«M 95t 5a 5W I C9IWl$a MjLfi .|k , U ' 

fagftWdftawayjsia^sPiwatai 9 ft 5 -t 39 t a« 9 iaft 5 1 

ftamsirti 999 lift *ti.'f*« 5**iw9 ^fi> 39 w am ait^ftw 

aWrpi <ww 5a 5WW i ^ 

aiftft5 fcaiwa n.5 i5%t 35 arc? *flfyc9 35 <uli ^jieisift 1?w 1 fta’raftswaa ai? caw%a 

3m 1.5 s 89 *% 8 qpi {1WT cm I ft9999l9m'"tm Wt 340 m s ' 1 wi a^llwt a*! 3 ®®! 5 ® t 


9919 H : 5 «l <il«p 989 sH^oiol dl 'L'MlK'nIml 3 ft, 


3539 rf 




= 255: 




aat4R*sW 

s.h « ^5lg 

Musical sound and its characteristics 

uflaat ar*(HH aja^a a*f ‘i'll 1 * 'lit I SlW fata aMaHa b«llt>Pia *tsf, Qf&aWbM asf.atWIPt ^fa> 
*>513 as?,RR>;| <IHj^f’iSs “W alasl aRfta t[ta 'S5|asaaPfaf^Rs^ , I i ?t'519f%uq3 
atpt ^13 f^fa 1 ^ -|*l(.'o e|R><p^ atPt I Rols saw as? at^ ttS'^'S as? I 

^F5 as? StPta RsiRv® ■g atjla^s 4"lws SFPI CT as? 33 ^tatat '3Wtaa atPt ljf%3I^?1 3PI TO 

aa tatta* tjsti* as? ata i Pltis, w^i"ii , attaa 'tif*i a^ffe si»i)s(."i!is as? -as^« aa i 

■ga^ ats?a ?aW>j 

tp^S ats?3 feaft! ZaPlalJ 'TO- awn at '%®t (Loudness or Intensity), ’Slaj'sl (Pitch) >Sat tft at 
®l1% (Quality or Timbre) I 

ataaiat^&'sti ataat at ®6j'si aac® as? a®tt wtta aw at 'jatta i as? R-wiwa ^fw^ta •cssm atat 
■ttaas casawtaa w fata afe pti3>w> ca afauw as? a% aaiR'a as w awa ’®3'at apt i si 
aDfst® *tpta 'Stg®ia <aa^ Wm ! i 

® , a , ®l: -cs'j* awa ta taPrtsj Rta uiaR ataptta atwa sja uiaa at^t ^taa toj at^aa ^att ata ®ttas 
'el’gj'ei at apt 1 'St^jtst i&tcaa ^ai^a Oaa fas^a asta i <r # ai«q» a® caPtaa, ^a ®®a^T3a aaa 
'Slas'siat % wcaPtaa i 

tftatanf%: sp?^ awa ca taPtcSja aRj ®<pt cwSsag uwt ataat e awa tot 

’ttfasr^att ata ®it^ *p at ^tf® apt i 

tgtaa aata ^aa tsifsi R*"$ atft'a'ppjaaata’aa’St^c^a? 

atjtaa aata saaapai sjtflt a^t ' ! to uitaaw apt ’aa®* 1 ® at Vocal Chord t at ostata a^tia 
a™tPta aw aat ptta a^r 1a<fe aa uiatana a*at apt 1 a?pa Tsapta cstataa^ aapta atwt at®t 
sj? ata at® 1 ftsw^s fajat aifftta c®lasia ®(6 sj? atta* aitppt aa^a tgapta aata’ataa aast asa 
aai aft at Pi-ji™ ^taa aaw caPt aa t ®lt ^ataa aata saa caf&t fts"^5 Ppj at aifttaa ^aa 
*l*t 

a. jo aaftjaa 

Noise pollution 

aitpaias cawttata « ®ta 'atataaatpta ataiaaf sjwi«h i fa"^5 | a3taits%iaa « t<naiaa ^aat atpt i 
ftf^-j ®<pt «tas ®««ig t«i lanai uiaa atatara%t as? aaa at^taa aa-t^rsia atst atf^ta ftaf^ atta 
uiattatpata ^Rataa ata ssaa ittas aa sjaa apt t 

attcasa atata aiaaia, taipta a^r, catataiRt, atat PFfsttata «itsaiar, a>a astaatata as?, atffet at% 
■awawt, ®^ta atPi® dsa caa«iia o tBPilfeataa as?, latat atlfet tfataa aa, ®t®tatiai®t a ya 
Rattaa ^ta as? as? ^ataa aata astaa i 



I e « 


aatfftata i*e 

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?i#FS e aft®C*4a wtta aw, 'StftgtSift'S WJW'St, Sift'S « »Wia3*t VS 3®t, aftawst ,5Pt, 
,5ia,awtcaiai 3sf& a.f&wasasia sea i s^W'Sld *Kt abiaa Baa*!® <w> ara i 

a^mw wa 'ja e t WMN4 arcana ’jfti aata i isa aaia ai® 3ts$ w^w cat*! arai aStwffat w'feiw 
ac^a i *tw tjaiaa ars caw atSta atatn acat aw nrctiat i >a d^cW ^rcsi aaiwa aaa saw atfa i 
mcwImI Soaa at w^&tta S®j«iw rci?s atsriwl caw fta® arsw aia i ®«wca at5W, atft <ej5ic.-il 
ftftw a*aw ata i atf^a a^ waai aiwwi at cwta atwtat aftata sat Sft® i src aw SaaiiisiS) $%a 
at awnwt% fts® >sai wtswa caw ^ca sasiaatat e ftrcrc saa wtaa scae ataar awjataa af® 
caw aatt caw aifai aaiaa atw atw wnat atat <aai stasia alia ataawt awiwi ®fw®i 
awataawwwwcataaaiwaaataaiaaqw'itaiwn^wt ^Psscaaw'jsa R«r<sa ssi a»a i 


'si-iM 

s.sstMl&'it 3lJ 

afts S'safGa an*| fils (V )ft?sie 
11 aw csrc aaiaa ®aw? 

s. fWa 5 'saw a. 'sife'sisWas 'saw 

a. ®aw a. casta 'saw 

ai atwa caa cstsrctairc waists caf*t 1 



01 fcsutl&a ««$w ^® at^a apt atsw cast sis css ? 

i. ?'<itf'®a i 'sta'pata wawia iaaiaaja® ^a^ awc^ 'stawftswca spaft ataat at atwa 1 

ii. areas ftwa atwras wests afeaaft apw at atssts 1 

iii. anja ‘asfS'sitaaptwsa'sisfii'wtfs'aisi 

fatsa CSla Sesfit -nlSs 


S iaasf& aw ®aa are ab sifts ’J&'sa 1 atwa caa 332 m 
=tis 3ai atc^a 'sai e ftiaja ftrt%w 8 e 4 ai 315a ®wt ate 
sifts ®ww h 3a rcta seal® s® sft® 3f®ssft catat ana ? 
W 13.40 cm a. 13.40 m 


I. 3.4 tn 


a. 3.4 




0.10 s 
1. 0.14 s 


4. 0.12 s 
4. 0.18 s 


4. ag 

i I 414414 444 Cert'S! Mlo^l “iSl'fl ftwi 4014 ft4 TO 44l4ftat4 *tSWll 41C44 4lf^W ftC44 
4^T&14 1 C441C4 41® 4^"® CTO4 C®Td 414 41TO1T I®® 4C44 4(47 ®!4 4e5PJ[414 4144 41141® 

4flft4TI TO 414rSl549S1C44 Qlrtfl I TO® 44,ft4l TOItl 


®. 44^44^1 r 
4. 44(^4144 TO4 41471 44 1 

4. 4PRK44 41414^ ®^4t 4C® 4K4 IS4*. ^ *P1W^4^1W74'T I pt44a®14'Pl4 1 
4. sl«HMfi 4V^<H dftCSIt.4 ^ ^ 414*41 C4041 C4W 4IHI? 


4 T 4 S 4 r»flW - 1200 Hz 
41^461441311 - 30 ° C 


S ’ll*??!®'?! 
18 m 



4tfl4^4faTO®4I4f 
4) 41%C5iS4^I49®4»1C44J4Jl47144! 

4) iCrS ®!Wt t4fj ft44 4*4 | 

4) S 44>414 C4W SfRwft C4HI 4W4 ft? 4161$ 441 I 



^iCTia 

REFLECTION OF LIGHT 



I '^mat taiNM bT»Hic*i < h*ps ^ i ^iwh» && cw »wtal3 «iiNit*wi ©w 


*r«rc '■iwicwi tstc*i '*n?\ wre *tm cw® «t& i ^tcn *& aa^ia *1% at ^ia*t at *iwic*ia 

yHw 9\\W ^£3 3 t »r 4 c*ia «i^I^ I 4 n\m\ «I 1 CTR! 3 ^ 1 %, irfa, qiwto 3 fa<nc*is 

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H$«ro»«llfrc 1 Wa!tJHIt- 
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<.. 'snwla dftwM ^ai ajPOt aw® ifiia i 
«. irft aitait aw® aiaa i 
g. <nwn <mc® aiaa i 

e. 'waiw sftia f^siiaai awn area 'rtw yf®R*a ajwt ataa i 
®. a<fat aI®R"< ^f®a f%5^iT«iW sir’ll awt aw® «naa i 
a. a^i‘ia aj<«M aiw w® am i 
v. Ra4a ajwi wc® naa i 
&. af&fa’a ^R> swfa aw® araa i 

io. «il ww #ap fafsg «iiwt?l* aSais awa was «wH $'l»ift ^at® am ■sai aawr ^w® 





i5S> ’htfRsiH 

b-.l SPffa 
Nature of light 

<5155T 5Flft, ^IIWT 5151 <!W 3555 5H 515115 5155T t+IMI 5*5f CWW 3lt I 51551 355 CW31 3*? 

«ft, 'S’ ipi 3*5 «c? '=no»it wraiws ® ipi wtpn ®ipi af^ <aipit ®iwa cafi»3is 3’<5f69 af^ft^^t 

pits sftsM trrow 'oiiNlcufl 3lSsc , 3> <^njji ^^3*1 <>^5i 33a 1 aiffa^ia 

5c®5H3 ^ic*itii ajfc am *ntea ®t>t ^sa «H3t5 1 « 335 •ns'iT 5ai 55'ot cbnw 
'W it C^lCTt 5*55 $53 , '51$ ^TPRJt Pit 5 1 ? OT3C5 *11$ I atWM tpR 13K3I 5*$ PCT 3flPlt 

®n3Wta csiw «iipi I ®w? iw 31331 pit a*? w»u® ait 1 
<aicaia 3 *ita aaia *Pf*D?ii Rjiyi: 

i. pftcat sins 3533j 515113 eUPII 3333W SPI I 

5. C4IMI PfWi 315JP1 3TCW awfS WW C3P1 ¥W I $*lf>«n« tfltcaPlaaW, C = 3 X 10 s ms' 1 1 

<s. "ilpils afiiwi, SR^S‘1, 5jt'iMa,3a3'ta, <335 515 1 

8. 51W1 <OT 33*15 *lflf I 

<t. 31PH <35 *t*(MsJ 'illi'itbl **!•». <i3»1 1 

i». 14IMI »RHl afcali! <3lPll 'S3l»13 5315, 51315 3*ll i lt3'aplT'atPlt 3*115 ajtaalMiaasB! I 

V.t aitaM s|| 4 «hh 

Laws of reflection of light 

'NT*J?JT 5I31C35 5W1W 5E3T 33*3 a^ OTW stiffs I <11153 wlillft [>l*R(.-p ^IPlt ^13 51313 d3*lMlll> 
51PI1 51513 51 I 53 3^3 3*^ C353-*(t,^lar, *n"» whulfa, t®Jlft flIW 51P11 ftPHW 
3*53 «1Pf3W 351 55 #1*5513 3*? 1 ^1313 C3 W 5*? C333- 5R3, 3153151, dS#5, W313, 5lt, 55 s 
wit t<sjl1»wi Rests 'PtPItWt 31 #18131551 #!531 <7Si<a 31BI 31 '•liasw 5*11 55 #PbD 3 3*? I 533 
#1*5513 5 s ? OW 31Plt 3l51Pia ®1Pt 31P1 *513 31531 Pit a*b»fi> Wit® <5$! alalpis olfl’llc-l C3 
335 313133 5 s ? (WS 3lt Pl’iJPIt #1*5513 3 1 ? "TO, ®^a 31531 Pl^Jflt C53J® *11$ I >55 3*131 5P5 
31C5I3 SRjSHW I V.i 1tC5 C®155t tflW *IKa0 ?|olt<i <51551 fl^RW 5^ (^t) <555 <S^lT> 
57555s (Rlj)|5) CH5W *«Pt I Wt ^1^515 5>ifltW OT5J® 515 CT55f <9ft C5I5 ^CTf -55WRI 
®W SU5*T ^Bl I ?1 P®hIi 5 1 ? WI5< <5WI alt'll Rlj»H pCT dfi<fPrs 5C5 <5NI(.>ta ®1W 8t5*I ^C5 5P1 
<51551 PWW 5lt I 



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ft^aftaMmtOTt^TalaSf'taatajCaft'ta'alOTI <3 atalCT «(tOTIa aft*»*W aOT I 

W ’J# aC® «(lt*ll<wftl aft<pR>e 31S fits «(Im 'ell<p aft <OT>? ^ aOT I 

sift^aOTa^pt 

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•’I'I'SOT maafla 333 | 

3. fi®3 9]at: aft*WH C3W «(I'T*^ PP1OTS 3313 53 I 



Hat V.3: etlOTht Sfta*H 


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ft^a **•& aftvtawj^stOT wt^ataia i aat- 
s. Rafi's at ^aa aft*wa 
5. ow at , =iPi«fi® aftapta 
i. Raft 1 * aftw 

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afta ■oiHft'o 53 , mca aft^ataa ac3rs aPu^ aai-oaH atw i <a cams aPtRtpsa 
atOTtaaPua mtama c^tOTa ata aata isaaftaft 1 * iftatMtsOT aroaftaPtia aftvaa c^wae ata 
aah 53 [ IS®: v.o] I 




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5531 

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55®! ^ 555t "55 ®55 ®1 55155 515 I 


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554 t®7t®6 3^535 3315 4t® 455 3154 I 
5<I3 3513® 3$ 3535 I 531- 


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afaftwi 

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afaftw aw 1 asffif a^j awl ^swj fay asl# 1 wt fay ass s’yie afafaw sfa® as 1 
afafawss asist®s 

'5fa ass 'asm wish waist wa, ®ss aitsais faaw c®tsis afafaw was® aw 1 *nww afaswws 
«wj isaaffi stGi «reHts wat cams a^a afafawa afaioia ®tSf «nwi Rifa* as at 1 a asws 
aftftaia aw «isim afafaw 1 m ca asw afafaca «nwi sfajsts ^ Alfa® as (csss- Piwsta 
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am afaft*a 1 aim afafaw a^is wat sis fa"$ ®istm afafa’s a^is wat sts sti afafaa 


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sfa R€ts wiwi fay® a^®awfafa® as ®taw $ fails fayfaw ass fay aim afafaa aw 1 
fas : b-.io a /awtafaa>awsewiamafafawi 

(a) asm afafaw: wiwt fay at® fas^® atww sPu*pa taswt ®w afajfas at afasfas aais *81 
sfa fails wtwt fay taw aaatfas awt aw aw as, ®w A fails fayfaw ass fay "sstm 
afafawawi fas: v.ii a /awl afajpawaswty^i’ssimafafa’si 

tr.ff *r%t al^R*a 

Image in a mirror 

sissi stfa sfa y^ spy 1 WwnA ^iaa(a) taints a^a 1 ss®a ■sascai%ia^ta^®itaafafa , a 
as ®i 'swat aiitaibai aaa 1 



’MRwh 

fiai v. j* >9 MMi aroa aa£aa aww o >a^fi> a^a*s i O csw OT afti *ifia 4 a®!ca ato 
'“iwf^'s an >sa<. TO aw firca atta i ogaP D a<fea , IWa»eM atafas » <saa QR aw afeaft's as i 
al'ia’Rw aPt QR •sat to IRaw aR® aaiw iaat / aa i a4ta aR^Ra aPt wa 

a^wa R^a 'otsl^d'o ww aia« i a's^aa, i*t ofa^aaai^a aRsR*a i 



«2 

ffiai : b.h* 


q Rag's qn aRa**) ^laa ^wt i 

foa roaatgjvamasawi OQam\ 

:. ZTOQ = ZOQN = i (8.1) 

aiata, o/aatg/vaaiwsaia, /eg/aaaowt awa reaai i 

.'. Z17Q = ZHQR ■ r (8.2) 


.•. (8. l) « (8.2) aStaaa aw at, 

ZTOQ = ZTIQ 

aaa, AQOT'S^AQ/T isa awi. 

z toq = ztiq, rgaroaa atj. 
aai ZQTO = ZQTI = 90° 

^(oaK, l^i^saa a%a i 
’paKro = 27 

a<ha, *raa^?0'>Rwaa'satawaaft*re, siftR’a /'atota fta's'str R^w aft's aa i 



M) (Vf# 

iWj* apo® d(4R-«i ^tot '’ns i «™, R'j'o •w^*spn> r^WJ 

R^?I Raft? ftt*M *1*0 Rat® RH 1 ^CPM, SK®!R WW Rt^FT Ral^oa dlwR'a 
’Il5» Rfl ifSid : v.ivs] l 



tai : lr.ie 


Rea AO rr<r? ^ Ra al®R , a B1 cwttat i O iw/f at® M 1 A/ 2 ''Heaa§Ra*r , a 
tRt at*1t I <aat 0^0tR R '^L Rr'icw W Rta I cqsR OR AL CR Rtataa RtR 
aaiRtsr I apR B 0W aft® RSt RIRT PR OR = IR W.4i= BL aa I 
O Rt® '5$R Rta aft) 'SNlRStM R^t0 R10Ri® RCS sfe-Vla® R5 1 siRcvRa aPfl ij$ffcv* 
casjaa fttR affi® Rata R»|iaf aata>tR 7 « TfRucatRRTO.atRRtaaai /« B pm^h 
RPRI ®lat»l B/tataT^a® 5 ! R^Fl «ll$® AO aR<>$a 'qal^a ilfeR'S i 
Ra® 5 ! atot ^ afaRpaa RlRla a*MRga RtRlcaa RRH 1 
aa®a >rfca aft® afaRpaa iaM>j 

>IW R^fta ^ dRiRt-qs pijjftR'o afywl *<.««: 

>. ■‘H's'l T|4t OW >3*^ <1®, R#t MW j|RR(.-as ®® I 
a. aRRpaa '=ii^ia RRa^a «iMuia aaR i 

0. si^Rr aat^a aaicawi 
caflta a^ca ^4 aftRn 

cai%Ra , t'®t«M'e*icaiR'ft s «3t§® 5 i«iR, ataaaRtacR!taTR’ : ?aiaiRR < tw®iaaRR*a 3jff> asi 
aft aRRpaa RaRR, rI^R « sfjR «Rt® aca, a*? sir Rj^® rurr aPu*|R aRawtaa aa 
crimi R:r aR*pR® aca ®T wiai aaata i RjjaPf® Raft aRia mcriwi ’ft® amla Rta ®Rat cat«ta 
a<toaRRR ftlRwaiRi 

1. cMi^la t^kHa aa^oia aiiaft aaiaa RMR®aRi aRa^icia aa tpaia ca* aeft Rta aiw iRa: v.^si i 



files SlBs [B®: 


ios 


a a^eia ana nsroites aHft's aPo aftnaii* as 


SeS 5S [T&ifl: lr.iff a) i 



W «) 



s’wjw ion ana wWpu sen nfais wca csnea$ atn caw ar cna 3'sft‘a n^ai 
aP®a e $e$t nea i una aa-p-'jw ana pjwi e cat* neu wtaa nat sea aft® aftft** sea 
■aaPSa anCSIW I lac:; , a^®a a^W *[& 1 I*b 1 anail-wi dftftaj nfalWStSest: 
il^i dftli-a 

am aw mpm *anft awaa a<H i p sen a* ca$ mu f ana enwis an c sa*®!* eng i n^eaa 
awta ana ac-v* $as a~reic<i aaftw wwg ao i 

o fag wen anfii afa oa/ ana news ssimaiess^eia M fagw nafft© sea ana enwtesssn 
ftea mi aw afanft® ss i o se® naa i«nf6 afa OCM" asp®ia eng c salsa a^w waifa® aw 
afanaeaa aa csflj ^an? aw fad ns i afannea* aa aft) g$11>/ fage® a^osen lifts ss i g®sR / 
sen o faga st*®a afaftw i A wen ana «w saisa maf^ra afai A aw$ faesns i nen^ aa 



'Wi4R*w ivsff 

zlR>R-s <3f OTTO $*13!$ 5TO I I C*IW TOR '“ic.TS 4*151 IB W «i«w I Bl $ TOlt TOH 5 ^ OA TO 

TOroaftfiroifgar: b-.^n 



dlWt'ro a^f% tow «ji*o<i « $?$t i 

'TOWTO al^ft«l: ft® : V.ltr 4 TOR WWW TO* W^t TOdJ ^WRW I O TOffc aftl 

TOR «IWsl WTOSflBT Rf'lfa® 5BT TOR WWIW( TO ftw dfaW TO TO*RTO TO© 5fll ^S"4|S 
TORtf TOITO *rfpf «IHRw TOJ afaTOIETO TO OT© TO$ *1W ftta TO I dR>«r»ii*ra TOT Hftf ^)6 
TO^TO TWlSt SfilM e l©'t'5TOI 1$©W PlRMfl ©TO ^Upltl TOt/fc'JMTO'RWHTO’TBTOTOI 

o 1^351 TOiro?a©©roi tor «hto ©to ib *ir i>hi tob i ^to ubi 

TOIf ^5?f TORTO « CTW dRifV l 





rf&Rf'is w«IR TOlfrfrtS PUJd . CTOfI W»iMai ©dfa® ■v'js CK5 


(«i) Sw’rfct a(©R*d: «nwi to©, toto *rfat ©to ©fe tost ^pto tow 

d©R*q dft'5 TOT I IV 5 Sto Tf4f TOg* »isl*»d 3%©TO d^TOni d© df&R-t WTO OT1TO 

TO* N'^ps ®TO ^Mw W© TO I fSaf: Ir.lk d 
J^AfTO©©TOI'#h C TO TO5J, F TOR 
WWW ‘TO-PRfafilCT^ I AO •Pf'KJ R^CTO WWW 
TOR TOTO ©TO *i«toIm TONI'S I O ©’’J TOTO 
TOR TOTO WTOR OM S©I ^rfpt dHl'i's TO I 

afarorcro to sPiifC »t^tTO tor www f jiw 

'OfRaya Off*. «K*I *IM TO I RTO TO©5©I OD*rf CTO 
<M“sl« WSJ TOtTO *1TOSIM «lMl^'s TO© TO© TOR 
dfVtPM TO i tor isft TOWlft d1*WPW s©t iSai:v.si 

R©©TO©TOTO ©TORtf^TO ©TO TOt/fVlM (WRTO iW/1^ffWTOH«1 RM TO I ^TOR, / 




TOt o f^»si aal-ssa afoR-a i TOa/f^pTOaTOacasftaa/Ba’aa'waTOTOti at 
5/ TOT AO -aa TO*®4 JjW~q I al'sR'S a^CMa Pl«ii aft's 4S aacaTTO^sa, P!Wt aac 
aiarca aaa^^a cro ani aaa ^sfcaa fi'vu> alar to aRiR*4« a^caa arc? to 

alTO aai al'SiRl^W alffi 3*4*1 a^ TO 4taca ataat ataft 4 1 ?? alalwa CTO CSji) 4taca I 

caiwi RW afaia a<ftaftfW caiaia aa cafilsa^caa 4tro u'jai'qaft canal aaa>^ arca 
'otro ca «M"Hw steR*? to isis ^5 v Real* aiflTOi cataaraaiani, 

1 i_:l 
V « / 1 

>5 51 -MW 414 44IMI4 CWBffaasasrfCla W4J/aa414 44Mai ®«4 4^C43 a4J/ aa 'SIR TOWa 
aa^u aa4l4 «Mlai<p salt's TO I Itala aBT v aa4l4 •iil'a|->p TO af%R*aft 4t*®4 ala 4MW|a TO 
al^R'^ID aapaa 1 

v.% >jR>ji te^alaa'a’M 

J. TO4 C4®C»at4: ^BIS caTC4t fiffaa CTWPjjtf OTTO 414T TOOT dfilPWt WS aaT4SI aaft 
TOT cafillTaM ^ftft 44'S’I 4^4 TO sift's I alOTW afta af^l»H '4)4414 4OT 4 4"3t taft TO 44 I 
V.4© ftciJI aaft 444 caftOTaM C44TC4t TOC4 I aaft *T*4t alaslata aft 41 TOa «ic»is 4C4T TJtft 
'I'lwa srfsW ’’taHura 44PW3I4 aa* 4OT3 acaa 4tW 45° CaW 
TOt 4Nt 44 1 4*^ CTO* TOTOH*! 4 |c*iI«wiRi SWC4 M\ srfpt 

'=il»*ic*«wi 41W 45° ta>li"T al-lRa 55 1 aHftaaftl M]4#t4laT45° 

CalOT dRwpRw TO TORT TO ashs aOT M2 srftt oiHR>» 4Jt I 

areata afti m 2 afat ^paia alroft® to *wj^^oiw ceiw *rc? 

<ro a-'^fC OT414BI I 

4‘1's*! S#f 4J44J4 aea aaTCa '=Hk*nl<P aftia fta v lR<!'a4 "TO 4T 
al4af4Bl4® OTTO *1tt *lt ■944 PPtt® sflt I 

'StUfS TOJ C*WT CTO, ®5, OTTOBI §*8[ fttS CTO, I4WM 

•tffcftft srfc-qTO twift TOSf caRc*4M 43TO5 TO 4S I ^WlatWOT ftn > l>--4o 

SroTOTOTOi^iBtt'Sg® '<ms csiftproraiaroTOTO 

S'a^il •n*i'oi 44ti WTt*i 41 sfl^llW ^tfetCTO 444 TOat 41TO « CTTO 44TO srfa CSPW5 aft I 
aWHa a%tTOai 4iaia aapi'sM cro® sift 1 4Wa caro »i4Pw a^fea 4Wia catena TO"ia af4R«a 
aft's 4a 1 19ft aHR-a airoa asfeaa toj TO*®a a 3 ^ ftcro aw aca <aw airoa a^ca ap?na 
af%Rw aia aca 1 awatTOaaftslaa4?fai4at4iata awaawe csw® sift i 
o. ftfoaat cacs aror a4<: %aa ftf^aaaat ftw altai aaia atw aaaa aaa ai-wja ataa i *fr® 
aStataala aaasrfaftca^lwaca’I'RacS aataai awa^ca%aa aaftaaTOa® Raft® af^Rw 
aftaaai ^ aMTO-aia-awRaicaaftRsaaaatsRfe^TOWwaasaa^ajaajaaGiaTcaai 




b-.'i amis 

Uses of mirrors 

Bfeg SSSSS S^S alSST Bfeg SStSf SISSIS S*tS Slftl iSttPIT Ist” S<fsT -Ml 41*11 1 
i. asw»i S%tS alalCSJ «HSSI mWtttM C5SRH CSpt I 

a. <siwa ttfjis’W csfils v iD’m asis sist assist ati&a s^s sjaaia aas 

0. as 1 **! s^t siaats sas c“iSc*4M frsfst w as i 

8. *1151% sh=is ^tts* ^sSsi is'ptc® 45 smis ssttas i 

<t. fsi^ii 'siwt^is a^niatl^ csss- djlspars .'Orissa® sa®iss, cawis ftsfs asrc^ ss^a a^s ajsaia 
asnasi 

&. aftas, t>'ifi>ia ^^jiRa <aa ass saws s^a fscs arcst Jil'ss-fi's aas is>icii ’Sttas ^f>a 

1. ^Baraas* ai^a 'sa i $s s^s aiaata 'aca '^ss'sws Bafif® ■sas carat aBB’a^fit ass as, are® 
ga&i>i « ■^tf® 4 itia aBn as i 

a. a'w ftB«as»M aaisa s#t amis aw i 

(©. aBarasi Bcaca ^a^sa s^s aiaaia sail as i csss- tHisiUj, Ptsis at acras aioai^dj raa^sa s^s 
aisais raca aBss Bfes a^ as i 

8. >as's»! a^kaa aiaitsj 'stcaiasl^, '5isaf& tisjiB cs^'^'s acs csacst s^ca smis 

rast as i 'sarara <af& srets <sat. fi>B atcras atsca sis?.® as i csss- fta ai?t>sT, calssjft, 
dtBwats isas.ai®iaasaiaa ! t'5jift i 

<t. swa aftas alaitsi ®ncara sfaiaraca draft (Vac® ts'Sl'?® rast als sea »tsissl ®w, aw, ass 
e Sat sStas sals ass 4 s^ sisals ra^s i 

Stj*i 

i. Swrfi a^at aap'sa, carat <aa^ sBa gfaBra afcs rata Bats csstsa stsaias at ss&itt casta 
^aratf^i® das Bess ass fa® Baa (Stats d a^a sisals a® as i 
a. s^tsa stalest Raj's <satrat esse® siatsts sea cstrats at aBtsea Bais'sia ratera®^asfa 
sisals asit as i 

«. af®s s arac6fat 3 rat 9 t2®fsc®ds , fasisysasi 

8. d 'tfsB’fa datass rateatrasBi aj®ca css aea stasia stBe® aBraara^rcssta^® as i 

I r.V falWa 

Safe driving 

Raises ail®, csfts si?tras $®n(s staalaa siatssia spa siaracra raesra fa^ casia raac® as i asss® 
wa aif^a sraa all® ^ificti >sasst 1ia> arca faat w aStaa aaa as i i^fs 4a<. faaraa aif^ 
i> hic.^ aca shs*c.s> ^^sTa ail^a aissa a^ ^isa casw^ ssa at i ass aifes l^taca ait atca a 
anatsw awt siaa® as i Sifes aiaj a^tspit aiaws ^ 'saBart awt i 'S®ai aife nh<ws> 
’iitwi's isiis asaata^’jtsits* !5s>s» SHtsiwa s>sos as i 



tr.i 

Blind turns on hilly roads 

RflM*t 'IllSuHW! SaH OHJ «M"t)t «f^J I aial^f »Hai»f «linaWfll BPR- ^RMI^, 

stent *n 1 $ uHic.ii ^ism i Runs'® nta# sr®is uHicii ^sifW i cwii hR®i 

csss ’sflfitPW, sssR aWnS S^R^ [fat : H.a.!| i Hklf$ «H®1* HIl^uHils ®hj «u.is> rss io° 
c^tWttoRpsaiii at tw cnsatsi ^wr acSn> sWhel «is*i -si “Pat's am i u^Utte^ RnSlw R^ 
cSwaRI *m^s aw v feHacs> CfWsHtnnl, au>?l tles>s RHS *IK*I Rita W RIOTl Wat «il wn nt I 

a wet sstaipta srj R'Wrw tw 8 1° caw ^a* «ii^R>* w®n stn sslem as i ara wt 
HlliuhvH tlc.s>s ^IWnt"! isR>% OT*tt® HR 4St RsMc.1 mfe bhlM RRS as 1 SW SW5 ata, 
nmlS sR®i«i trcn> wist a# uhini Rr sai ajarst u^R wini at nis*<,*i sic.®® casts 

•rt^ SR5IS »tlR 8WICSI fftR SS I wil 'S|ICSM> ■HS'Sla SFU siras CSStS >jR«JI^)'el skis’ 'TO SIS I 



fat : V.*i 


V.^o 

Magnification 

swat ass cs>ic«ii sts at ww ^a> aRR*s csR, mt csf «i’tsH?a <3 »mi« a?, caffi at sals hHum 
apsarati 

intent sts at ww ns's atSRi s»<fs trot alatca wl^a? at caf Rats atst ^t sRsM aat as 1 
®MJ8lM nil sis aRRe^ta tstj « 'ism^ (Inetis at-iawa £aRs> Rat’? at straw Rats sot i 
aft l tit-jR aiafl> a^gs shi cascst sta at wes V tarts awf aRRn sffo as i ®es it srjs 
R atsacs r»l ats agates ssts 1 

■stia, m = y ( 8 . 3 ) 

Rstscs> ija'a « sf®Ri*ss use's® slates) Rwttff'olcs aattaatsts. 


u aiatv ataasM lS^ui%s>iw sii silt*! maRsihaisiaa »Rt*i aR>R~q(5 ww aw 1 RSt m awaw 

aw nR>R*s Ml sis 1 

Rata m asraia tare iissi aRR'a its^ ^ris •vs'jn a^atcaf'W stHw *nflt 1 



■=cq' 0 «l 7^ amla 7W aR>R-s « sMN 

fecttlj : »lJtoM$fi!OS tR*t 7 J 74 la liW. <l*i«! af 4 R *7 JjH> <pgl I 

<r«ril(4 •■ <S7f& '=i<w»i T^t i 

•fitw* <n?n : 

i. tiRsf^ «ia'©«i 7W I 

'tf'tf&RtS wNW “ulaiaSRa 'BISjt'^RI <*HMIa Raft ^l« I 
«. ^1717 TT^fafijca 1 alRtaa c-*plc«il ^*17 CT^R-ai^llal, alaM ^wjtRa Rta 1 *TC5IT I 
s. h^'ifSca> sir tict ^iwii ^ta r®i7tsi ap RaSa® ’Pj't wiiiw *4 ^"da aRR'a t®R • 

4. aRR’TfiSW ’"’Pi? ^315 WT a^tfikas OTTPt 7C® 717CT 7t R?OT ’Rifs I 

®. wtwi awfi> RR*S ^305 ^ 7*53 3 »rt> at®R >7 mjiiw otto® arc^ i 
“i. a-^a ^rt; aR>R*a wjiiot swfa <mi am i 

v. aRRc'aa aj1% «ilcaMi tsi i 

<tjR4»'i) a^ 

Tffo Sroia arc^ flfa (V) aw 

>. © 5 5 P#tc^WBr wastes? 

7 s . ’iif^w 
a. rflspik® 


a. Waft* 


o. sprest ;rt> afeR’a- 

i. 'sfpptra w t *?3 TTta 

ii. ”Wfsr a &7 aat to 

iii. *rfa wets 77 t 7 >3305 af$® 75 1 

Rwa c.<phR alSa 1 ? 



IBoia «iiwiw 8 « 4 *R Tie 1 


8. 507^353 aRRc’aa •al-yR R^a 7E7- 

7 !. RtR® 7 


1 . aR® 



<t. BO al-otat-ss Wa 3 aW WMIaaW? 

a<. WWW o Ca?a attat «l. axw WWIW 

a. <w»®is wps a. wsm ca» s « w^toia 

a. 5 ja^tsa 3 





*l) s^waPww ai'saawsaPttwtaawa? 

«l) 1&a <3w Ww PQ a*ja aRfit-as <aa*iw fw*}?i a*a i 

a) al'®la*a ’lifts ^»os laa^waaafata 'jail <m i 



^) aF&R**q <pit«p aw? 

a) arfw a’awta wialw af*t aastawfeawicacaw? 

*t) IBwis wicaiw at»<ra'( caawa aw fa*ta ^a 
a) PQ a%l a® 5 ® afsR'a >aal*®a IwmaM ^ai 

a. wtanw a?f 

ii wrwia afeww aai® catai ? 

* i fiafi® afepH •e an*'® af%?ww wtp® #t catat ? 
o i s<fa ^iw aw ? 

si al'iR'a aawaw?af%R < a ^a aa s ia , e i fl# ? 

<n awa a^rt ^teica ap»a al'ift’a aa w af*D IB wa subu ware 

4>i aw® 5 ! a^fca a*t®tca wawsa afeR’a^W aa 'srlSawaa^atasa i 



REFRACTION OF LIGHT 



l^prtr «nfaa Trc«n ^pr c*wni i w*t «nfor fc*Bi c 5 ^ ^aww ^jrt 

4 ci« ^ I ^T ^PlflT fcwft* ^‘K'l »W 1 ¥Caf| I 4 SCTOJ ^Iwl* 

4^Gl ftcH* 'di^mrl’ I sjft’BTC'ta dwfcl fttH* *3^1 ^ 'HRJF^fH dfi«w I ^ 'OTffpafiH 

dl^^K,*ifl *3g^^c« «iSlfD«i»ta 331, §Ww» OTffll, «|- ( *lfl>**JFt <?l^qlc« *iWWj ^T *1*1 ** o C2BH 
tot to i ^In«i ^tit^ igfl> ^ tota w*tt yrot ^jtobi toa «nf* i ^ &"P<h3 "TO *4^Ct crr i ^Nri >$$ 
^•olcfl tfTO ftTO ^Ic5ll&*l! TOA I ) 

irt ^«nm *iifr <*tw wral - 
S, afowla ^1 ^INJI «1BH 
sftjffW ^JWJt ^STS IHre 
■0. ^ «f»J K 4S1 , t af&tWH 'WJt ■Wt'S «1W^ 


«>. ■qic.'ii'wPiia Qtojw c , rt 5 W'! mft ’rot *iBra 

<\. ciw «n «!■» dftn f&viurar w ia *dw *n?rc 

lr. CIWS TV5t ^jNjt 'IBR 

h. ^IotI^ HftW fiWIM«t! Wl ’TOUStWS ®BirW3I 4W4 BUR 
>o. *1® T^ns RVG'B*! f^^JWJl ■Wt'o 'TBR 
ii. 'lure 

i*. ’wwi-f BifHra frwuw «w*( ^oi ’jfiss ^ft pipm <mn! wi w« *ibw 

io. ’P’?* ^mwftn S’MP) ^jkh hire's bbto 

is. ti<iPw ®<iw '3<lc*ite at'&’hicMii W4M Wit mw *fsr< 




Refraction of light 

ft® fe.i *W a® I aatPt at?, ■aw. ^15 at«na CtatPtt I ^ICTWilPU al^aWJPI AB apt ®P1 
aTataatSa Rvea'oa PQ 4a B fr’ips atfllfos aPIT I PttSft apt PtPl ^IPtt <t>lu>s aPIT BC 

apt ctot tst at caw BC apt Pitaw i =iit.»ii<p aPsa ctta* atata "mil? aro afeaaa i 
■I'osK atipita* afti ataipta pw ^a^ ■srr*fjcsi R><R*oica ataa ^apt ^ atarcaa Re»>m«i 
iRjf^s aQ<jft£\o aa | 'atPTtaafttia 4$fa^ alsR'iwa *w*i|pp 4IP1I® df^-rsa aPl I 



atarca attptta caa Rftg 'sit atata afita'Spta aaa vitals af%aaa atB i 'stpiw aftti ataaa atata 
(caaa at$) piw aa atatpt (caaa aro) dl4jj« apt af%^5 afts ^fftapaa ata , a<fta i > r i 

anaia R’i31'o'oic<i aa atata ptta* atpttas afti afwt aiatpt aft^s apt (ft® i.aj ^tptw afti | a%a , a 
(sct >jca rtca* arca i , a<iK 4 ww r > i i 

^qi wt : ®^f5 attt <pMi.«ot 8aa itwffi o ars 4ai®ta ®aa ®^f6 <piu>s w an i ■$! 
owptr 

O O' l^'it'i %ds 4 pica i anpits afftaacaa «tar 4$a ari> i O fa^, cw «tta® attpna* afti aa 
atata pfw 4Pt ataaa atatca afe^s aa (ft® 4.«) wt ^%»i T a pw af%^s afts^wt ^ca Ptca* aia i 
aR>sj» aftj’pncas fttaca aftfe ^apt o' pct 'aiaca apt apt aa i O' o fa^a wsa 
a%R T a i 'sit ®*ta at? caapt o O' frit's ®rit 4Pica apt apt as i 







TO StTOWJ 1fe» : k.> (<TOCT fes : i.8) 4 TO TOlfl AB 3f®, BC afaj® 43C 
NBN, B PQ JR <M3 «lfo® ®f%TO I ZABN 


W^Hwi CTO! i 'W ZN BC& df'b-ns'l CTO rTOtl 
TOT 3ft TO(®3 CTO ^ftf TO 35 ®W aftTOt CTO'S 

<jN*iiCTi ft"? aftrot cro »(We*i cswwa TOynft* 


ftft3C33tl CTOC<tWij, i}, ij TOTO CTOW?T TOW 

SftJMW CTO Wl r/, n rj $®llft ajPI, jfaf “ 


sin ii _ sin is 
sin ri sin n 


- 35‘? 5C3i >st gTOts '»rN 



ft&! TOC3 “iMwi e al^*«H TOJSS 3^ft ISi? : i,8 

TOTIM Stfa ®aa I TOH CTO 3tW AB, BC >TO, NBN ft 5 # S'!® CTO® 3$555 ^13 

TOTOTO3I <55 ?CT CTO TO ®il<.“!M dft'ifrl Ru|te'^!E t;s mb wi I 


tot : 'hhRj'o 3ft, aft^® 3fti , oii v t'0'i &aa sfft® ^ftas 


fttfot Tjl: TOTO$ti&$p4$*OT JW. Rft'E TO?! ^It-ih* sftH CTOS ®IHwi CTO'S 3TO <TO. aft's*! 
cro-s a® 5 ?- <55 aro I 

1 !® IW1« i<iu<» cJ|C*W 'JS® TO | 






af^wiiwp 

Refractive index 

iwws>i fiW atma araacaw tiw© RR5 at*fa «nc'ii < i>s! 3 li awatma cwana wjct afe^® aw 
aft «nn®n cam i isw. attem can r as ®iaw ^rj^; cn sa awn an ®tca an an £ arts mwts 
®tai aaa awjcasr ntwCT ft'Da atnrcaa aftaanw i area tj ftta aam nat an i 
ntwtaaPii aft a atrna wen b awrcs ata*f nea ®ca, a aweaa atwcn b atmtaa ■nwtVn 
afteffiw, (ftai &.«) 


( 91 > 



fei i s».e ^ ! >■<» 


r| <sri ainfttna w# ftrta nca cam awrcaa afteww aaa awftcna fte^*t nca 
tana awrtaa ntww i 

«naia ’^ppatn wen ana «nwin afti caw arnica aca*t a*ca ®aa atmeaa ca aftaaaiw aa ®tcn >5 
ae*fa brt ^ atmwa aaa alfcasaw aw (ISai a.ti) i aft ’japan wen b armca arent af^j® as 
®ea, darnrcsa ass af%aaaw ri* — ~ i idcnea ti aaaiaftenft^ nr ftwcnan soften arnra 

warns i csaa fc arnicas ana aftaaawn ti* i 

mala mwwafii aft b atma pica a alajca acsa nca ®ca wcneai aiwiaaftia a®sstea ^an^atca 
(i.e ten cb nca rnaft® afti, ba af$^® sfti,n<fn ma® 5 ? can = r« atean can = i <sa*. b 
stmcas ntcacn a stmean meafnn aftnaaw nca [aftnan n^jstea] 



( 9 . 2 ) 





ftt) 0 — iSaR fa'll) »S>PI „T|6 = 


af^aa'ltow 'WHS capla aWwa swa ^ 


pi ataitaa af%aa e ws c^l^t pit ataia caf*i aa aa«. 
^pst PltataTO^siaa ‘W'SIPSailPIlaca'tcaPtl 


aiPtft* SuWi 1 ! i.i : alj Pita* atftt® afeaapia CTO I saftsa CSW 30° <aai afeaaR C?M 19° WI, 
ai^arcaw aifta afeaaaiw a»® ? 


atetfcaw r = 19° 
ai^jRpCT atfta afeiaaw 


aiRfe-* $ii«.a*l : atta ■^icac’p aifSa af^aaaw 1.33 aca atft •'iicaca anja afeaaaw a* 


at?a arcaw atfaa alias') iw , a TiH,= i.33 
aifta 'atcapp at$a afiaaaw, „.r) 8 =? 


C^M e «wj''s 9 W ziR)<f«ii 
Critical angle and total internal reflection 
*if*s ww : aa ataia caca* ^ltawafa aaa apwt atajw afi^'saa'saa af^saPuftapret aiana 
oiI«a*a cata* 'atae pea ctc^aia.appi^Mw caapta ®ea afiaaa wia^an 1 
5. afa, ^b^pk^ir iaat atp ataicaa Rc®a 'sa 1 aas aa ataia 'sataipaPwt ataia 1 s>iu>s aeaj p 
fap Pica 5 pq afti ^p 'aMw catpt ab Rcoa '®wa q R^jc« atafi's apt aip aiajea ali-ys af 5 ! 
qrm a iffcs = it.a a>] 1 >iCTcaa(Wwcaw(^ipgA/ , )iflic 5 araf%»BflwM(ZAreR)a?^ai 




ft®:*.** 


>aaa aa awrca aii'W'i caw aww, awat at«nca atew wts atw t 4?®tc< «na®a 
caw aaw tm iaafl> teta ww®a caW ZPiQN’ atsat aiw (fifes W) sis ^aj a(4^® aPu 
QR, aisja’j^tea'sa^flasnaaswaiwa^Katewcaw.^gic, = 90°swi cs^aswis 
aa ataiwa aitasa cawffiw (z/’igiV) awat at*nwa aiwca aa awtsa alp® wt aw i k.a a 
flea ZPiQN 1 = 9 C = aiP® taw i >s$ aiP* cams aiaa aanaswa sppf% iaw cicala ac% ®aa 

^ 'orer'oSH aftaaa : aa atajw awsa caHfiSia alP® cams <rar ^laa isaij araw (i > 0 C ) 
atwia aPts a<5$§ atajeaa faesaaw a™} 4 ! afaaPfis aca aa ararcat faca 'atw i ui$ siawm 
'ala caical sfwy® aPB aiest ant ai i <s$ stawia ataia fteaaa a^ta a® ®rtea s t ata i a? 
aSaica a®w®iM af&aaa aw i 

[fifes b.a ai a aa atarca 'aw®a caw ZP2QN’ at*oa TjfiSa aifa5 caw 9 C <sa csra a® 1 cat®far P2Q 
aPtfi! i jS aiaicaa Rc»a ®a AB <sa ®Wa awl®® aw ateacaa fasaajarca qr 2 aw af®aPl® 

^ 'to w s 3K ateacaa w# : 

• wiwiaspffca wa*nt aa arna wca swat aiascaa we® aca 4a\ a? ataicaa lac®a®w 
wwl®® ac® aw 1 

• aa ataica | sw®a caw alp*® caiwa ®w aj ac® aw 1 

i.s nS)fB*i 

Mirage 

a^^fac® afta aaw >jsa®l ateas SaStcaT af®fa*a caw aca aeaa caatca aifa aieai fV'y 
aiwa atca Ww faPi ®is ^a ias® aiwa ca caatca caical atPi ait 1 aiwta affcascaa 

^ai$ <a aaaas 1 <stfe? affififeat 1 




18ati;*.v 

5ttsr aiyswtrt atft Sse*® weaw wwf ww atPprasj wipsiflrtN *w>i wot ®tii fttsa win 

««-= « W5, ®rt »Huis WH Rws Wt? «ms 'pwls 4W WWW WW «I1WI <9»H m. PICT PI 

Wlrtt Wirt ^I "ii'sm WWW PIW WPlWt WWJOI arti "Pin's «IKW I "« Vrt al^5 aPt ^loi"! PIW 
■5015101 PTC® WtWI ^WWa li WIPIWafa WtPfl sinful U>|p» WICTa csot W? WtCT ■qHli'e 
wa « wiww 5^ wwfwSk afRv’w wtu 1 ^ waoRt arcra Wiwi afiiRw ow aw ifes: ».y], aww 

’tfrtwa: IWWrtSNa SHOT ftsHWartWiStaWatWHWRrt WWW WWtafaWJWJIWtrtrtatTCa 
aww Ifsp©!? wan. 1 nw tw ow araa aiR worn 1 iinipw va^jPhi 4 i)Ew%i »«rti wt*ii «)<£<'*. 1 

*.? W’’lll!"*Jl , l <H$4ta Wtailt»ll$lfl 
Optica] fibre 

wafSwJMWftWW W8t WB Wat SlPUC'M Tp’ 1 ?. 

■*M H>l^lfl WW Roil! <H$4M ara"$ aRTT 1 iSi? JffltalMa 
•fflrta aRwtaHW 1 .7 1 •n’Raluis ®*H ^HTlyo WW 
aRpaaiww (1.5) *wrta aafS wiaat owat wsi 
<rl^toM 'ii«Slt"'4 wtrt wwl&a wlwlw uPt J 
vfcalaia l&soi ataala 5^ wdlrtwiM aR^Pw ■501 ; 
rtaa<* , 5wajapsftaicafilaiwipn 
trftwIC tiwt at *iwimi wa*iw atwe aww I® f&sata aw wtrtt lf$a>* aloft aiiiwi aw 
(f8ati.i)l >5^tw WrtttWJW aftaHW WIFIW an artl 
wraiww aaatSPlwfiftflwiM walS'Vjp aftaiua wjwi 

cattat aftla iiiHfis fJ'iow pwm •St’ft aaw art aaiS winw -w ^wa faaa ffits awwBo# 
tWMMi as 1 <ift wtrtiw ana aw nfc wiwftfoi 's*?'te wtwt aite awaiPb pwtma'’ft5ift wntw 
win#® wat aa, waj rtf ffiot winfl^ wmw aftot new 0Ht aw 1 >ift artfc atoiowlPi ■=flcsi 
aafS®i -gaioiwwpi iftg aw® aaftafflaWawat iflcfca wwaffl i w festnatam 1 






SNOT NtPIfa TOW ythsfi'a VSS fa® SS 1 SIS *000 fflwh ww <ifSOT 
'SnuN illi>«i>jli <pl?"qluts ssjNcs 1NI11 snl <ilk l > 9 C® «lswtfl a® csStsT iRi'Si 55 

st i sift-wii s ftslwi maw »ii w cswicsw ww Supotto ifii^i af&uw i 

h.% OT « W 

Lenses and their classification 
^5H- ph% $ umi %hD wimi n n ifciw* i(pto pm to i 
pm >j$ s^kss ss : ®«i pm st Nfeslft pm e w pm st null 

#n*t pm : cs pipm ssmw tf5 w amweii 15. ws fcvt pm spii 
4m pipm 419 isl-»sh iftti!* sMfao SPT df'fcmpto *19 fitfe aesfil 
SSS *lf&SlSil SS9 SCI &S1 PINES PPM SPt [f&3T : i.ioSSI 

ssm pm : cs pipbi sst®w st, use am'ssM wi t@[ ^ien wsm pm am i ssm pipi sampan 
sftfllh SPI afiiscls 19 ftfa asSH NSS *111(31 as SPl NN»i WW 111(31 pwe spi 
iSaf s.io si i 

h.i ot ■wr'® N^t 

Few definitions related to lens 

WfctSC^f s PICN9 4®S $$ <W iflssfs PlHC<M NPt I SKBJ^ dWC« PHtCN >3 ^jcis 4#1k( 

c^spii a. is stlSrat Ci list C 2 , LN pipis '^S fS sff®tc^i sft pipis wtcst tar^Hf ^ pfl% 
st acs im as wcs »(* ss®t cps ifllw isPw acs i 

SIR NW : PIPI9 Pilots ItEN I ’J&acas Sff®t CPSI PIN S9PT P1 181 Mil ItSSt 

SIS ®|CN *3 C1C19 ISIS 18* SCSI I fe.SSSS f&W, C 1 C 2 IklCkltfii PIPI9 ISIS 18* I 




suits CVS '■ NtPlWC^JSPIt PIPBI NESJSIS1S NETS 4l9NSl^ra nisi? P(W> StSSStfcfl CS1CS1 
sftl «|14#S SUPI Sfaiscl* 19 PIPBI ms Pits 04® SSSSI NSS sMl'S'o gftia lll"'ash®OT 
SSI i.JS SEISES CSPH liW^A PQ Sftl Nllfi'e SJS QR 1p| d&jw SWOT I ^sftlN'fit^&PtES/iS' 

1OTl^WSl1^Sl^j^<IIStNtll»SSR|Pg 19N91M I "®9 Nl >sss pipbi spit ex 

3S1S NS> C 1 C 2 PP O I^W CSS SS3IOT. o fa{SPS PIPI9 N1PIW CVS I 



i*nlu «|R 55 w CVS 5P5 wens Ht'ij -=rtPiW tWK ^(.Ta fe*1s TOT q^lu 

fifts «ilc«ito sfti «hMI 4» 5t.i R<p ■iRh'ff ^ wta Jiff's 55 i 

SPlt5 wh+i : t'uns 85K ««.'rs •'MH'esh i TO R-rWil bRi^H dfa'isi.Hs *BT SPTH ■"((.vs $55 C5 
Rtjj'o RRw 55 (Sw CTW5 WEB) W55( CT C5W Wt^® 5W 5P1 555 55 fa<T«'l PTW5 WEB), 
PT$1^WOTOT5SW15 CTffl’TBOTI i.VaW* ftEB CTW5 *WPI wMl F I 
WlfB ^5^ ! OT55 «HC*I|5‘ WJJ tW SBW WWl •tfw WWW •JB'q 5W I k.i® 55 16E5 
OF «c»IB WWW 'j5T5| I wWW / qlsl •’jR'a W5t 59 I 



WWW : 35(5 WWIWM TO to( OTW5 3515 5W* 5W| *P>WIPf «wto( wfit® TOWIW cfliWf 
WWWTO5WII 5.>8 5tto4BC.D5WWWW’B>TI 



f&5 5.>8 

(.ic-i bR) ®iJ| 5WHS A«5hA 

5. CTCT5 WICTW CTO fta «lt*tfSi® 5ft) SfaJlitFlsI *15 C»ll«r1»jfir bC»l BIB (fiat 5. SC W « 5) 

5. P1CT5 33(5 WWS W3W53W 3ft| Sf^WBCTB *15 3313 WWW to 515 ($OT £353) [fiat iff 5] 51 
3313 whh C'Bt-v "iWc.3 •K'l *K.1 55 (33®3 API) itSaj 3) 



*WrfR**H 


«. c 8 tcaa aata cawtcaa w ftca (®Ba wca) ifBat at «] at aaia wwia aR>^«it osa^a Gaea) ifSai 
ie si atafe® aftt afeaacaa aa aata awa aap'saat aca ata i 





®Ba caca affcft'a afca 

LOL i ‘WfS fcsa caa i fO/*aataav, oatcawca»g,FaaH cawm i a$<yicaaaaiaawa®aa/ > Q 
m<?il5 <t^c<p OTaffia cspww ipic^j ®ta caPl fa»*j fa^ft <,<pi<rt>i aa <jca atoMcs atat acat i 

^aa p caw aw® pr afti aata wa aat"®ata®tca ^ca cacaa aar Pica af&’j's asata aa 
iww F->ss aar ftca RFP\ aca ata i p caw Pt<t® aar «wf6 aftt po aca aicata* ws 
aMR>® aca laNtiiJJt OP\ aataa affej® acat i RFP\ 4ai OP\ af*ti aspaa P\ f^w caa 
P\ fa** «w awa ®aa p,q, a^Statacati p,q, acat pq *aa ap®a alaif^a i .satca OQ 
, ja '5 >aac OQ\ al^Rc'aa ’ja'j (ftat a.!®) i 



ia$ wear af^ft’a awa, Wr « ftaflf® acaca i 

aaa^a taf%g aawcaa ®aa la^a a*ca jjl«R*a aP®a, aapsaj caw, ©% Raffi®, aR® at awtea 



IISl 



sat sta* LOL\ as'ss pm i fof <oa s«tsT w, o atcsw wg, f aaM wi#i i pots atsw 
pq lassffr aaM atwM ®aa a»a»iw «taPa^ (Ifca so a) i PQ <sa al%R*s wh «m aw i 



p fag caw fasg® i9sfl> 'Mpw sPtt pr aaM wra sshojih aw pot r fagw ^tafa 
afaasws as rm aw <wmm afaafa® 55 pm sPtflt aaM wwa f ww «iww sw sw ■ 
«w 'Ms sPu po < mpw cs»g law pot 'Mafa® aw cawgfsr pon aw alar's at 
afays sPn g?fi> 'saaiit aw fafas as at 1 <swaw caaa taw aif?w taw P\ fag ww 'Mai 
aw as 1 g^sn Pi fagjj aw P fags «mi« 4 s aR>R*s 1 >ass Pi ww asm «ii*m ®as Pi( 
Stsw P1Q1 aw pq afafaw 1 <s$ aR>Rm ®isp®a, caw w 'M^tcs ’ws’gss ®w 
«ww pm ’fatt «tat*sa, ww >9sa caff atfatws afafas aia aw 1 
pm ®sis «ats : pots gs saawft fa"5 faaw <sstt>t >Mijp saw aft <sfi>w caw <sss 'Ms* 
casts wa pmtft is^g 1 caw 'saaawtw cafi? wstwpmfit gaOT 1 'twwpmggfa's'stais 1 


pm s"|ss abasias as fast? 1 ® afafaw csiais cstw ac?w sw pratgwt s^ castw 1 
wicii RW POTS'a^R’^fW wts'tggs'a/ isa potssisw u gswfaft wtwi'wa^atw'siaw 
cs staww afafaa gfa aw 'sts g?w v f^c?n® aSl^sa ww awn sis 

L 1 -l 

v \~f 

is affaaw sm saiwis wcm pots aw /taa sh saws' 1 'ssot pots amt / <ss sm stawa 
4ss u *sa am saiaw satw aw 1 Rata ws v iss am asiaw aca afafaaftt am®a 'Ms atgtaw aw 
afafaafl>«tap , ®ai 


is wres fas^'tw ’ws^fs gs^ « afafacwa gac^ atatwj fac^wstw a* 






: (PWTO 0>m$ WW + 0. 1 mWWI«l 

'aiaataftft, P -7- , ■/, _ = 10 D I ca'snt'aW, 

*= 10 d L*r*y- + ai« 

^rst, p —! 

h.h tblPlfl *tfca 

S. ^PFPIW (Eye-ball) : ®IWa C^fSQBI TITO aaNa ifRT iHHMs 'wlw "sft<.>IW>f» wi I «Bt ■'iluw 
e PHwa 'W aiRafcl wPJI I <sfl> ®1Wa TOtws tiot mail Mi 31als »hfc v*t' 8 at® 1 


*. C1'4H6»1 (Sclerotic) : adt *1®, alat, '3 1r J te 2®® «lPFW1*CTt <ll$Mi Rtaaa (fta 
b.^o) 1 itilt cfltaa iWatwi iKt aaaa ws cEiaroa^tatai 
«. <fR*l (Cornea) : *a1t TOSTflSTOI aiataa Wt I ci»*riiCTa 4 RW TOa >sat sfess ftTO R%EI 


8 . (Choroid) : CIWSWS 1 %WBBI »IKfl ^ITO (TOW 

ewit 'nl*«H aiCT alCT aPTI iflt a^PIt 'ai^'sapta 

aiar dsiroi fasta aoiwala afsaan as ai 1 
t. (Iris) : s*R«ls fa Plata “KIN'S #?lt a-am l^tTO 

al$IS»i scat al^Otas at R1%s pnroa Sanaa ssi 
arata'te ‘4sataaP!t 1 sisat%tat'li?atst5tsHi «ii$fe ^ 
tatas fcas'uMfo'e alwls afiaM las"jH ^ta 



h. <ma sP e 'Hsbts (Popii) : «n$Hwa smtta ^fl; «t ^ : * Ao 

f%g stro 1 aro csitsa aft at ^Btia^f acs 1 'siaiat®a sar Pcs ripit ®wa Nsw acaa ^ta 1 

a. *>\m (Eye Lens) : celwa sPa fta ■Rasa 'ssN'® <sfli cstwa aacsts ■sal 1 aifli 

2aia aattfa ftsft 1 picas Pistas Rt < ™ aaror a laws Ptaai ss»»is ®ts caPti pprft 
aPnaiataa arcs PiPsiRI sttsnP e aispa# Pistes'!? aiat afsaiwi atroi mSt strosPt « 
R»lkvt’|wis atroiba o assess tfpi picts as®) aSsW« as wi nm ppws ■jseqs 
sSa'dastSi ^tas at^toei Prfts casts ora s^ picas wi4is *pc^a sSa'Sa sans aroaa 
asi 

v. altar (Retina) : PCTa tfaca aaP*w aPftaairoa ftws yefcs cal’# stsa sfaaac attain 


iat 'ewj»jt*ii 8 ^, ^tsa ana a^i airoi caftaia ^aa ^rcai a®ta «r ^ spaa 

Scoswl a^t <rw hNsw a"fcsa «i^( 5 i wtea 1 

h. ajPtata fttata « Rfliala finals (Aqneous humour and vitreous humour) : s>R«l o ^ 

cataa aara^l Taia caTaRaaarsaf%n aan< ^ airo 'siro «uiajda RSain ata 1 affiaTo^ 
cacaa aara^ wia ca tetl*i Wola aatt^ ^ aiw 'sic-t RjQJspi ftSaM aw 1 



itf 8 'M 4 Re 3 H 

CS1W5 ©awiata : 'S5 ! fl>©'B 5 l wcas a law WtaWjaWjaaftca WIWI 5*? SWI cacas ftaw ^vjfiSs 
iffafii j|R>fa“q »|S'5 55 I <7 IW5 ftam 45© a*t ataw 5*15 ©ta a^iUs iaafl> Wit aftiftw 
caat ata I ’iSl’Pl 551W caat 515 C5 ’tfffia RR© «M*HW aftR^ aawui aft»9ls 55 1 liWl? 
5ft (TtWa ftaaft '5Ht 55 5t OTt C5W 'JH aftl5 OTsat 55 ®l5C'l Hta'xflsi aftftw ateata 5RJ 

*fttfi>W 515W 5t ftt5W 55TW 55 I ^55 «iksl 5ft 5*15 ota-HIc* aft^lsi ft*5 C5W 5ft ®l5C°i fts| 
WtaW’jawa £55 amlfl "Ml® 5C5 I 

catwa wcafia* 45ft aara atiaiaaii a>K«i, «w^ia ft©ata, m.caa « ftffiataftiSaia iwcst isafl! 
isft’tif! wwa aw ®ca 1 ®twa aww wtwt a 1 ? ama cat a^a aftft’a aft afSaia ©aa ass 
®I5W aftstw a4wa ww isamiaai cat a 1 ? caaw aft 1 anaatcBtwaataKajftftsTtac^a 
a*? caft i catwa wwa ^apfi^ ftwa *p 5c 5 ? ^a ai^ft acawa awt aaw aia aw cawta lyc^a 
aftafta atft 1 wt-wa isac^a afta©caa wt aaw^a cawtwt «ta*ttwa mu wa caw 45ft 
*ftta cafiftia ®aa ?a© taw afi® 5a 1 cawtwt 'jawja 5*5 caaia war ®twa cacaa caaaaa >ja^ 
ftfnsa aatta <cfta ! a®twc&iwa®atai'5aawi 

35ft aWa ^ja®a ’ja'$ : «natcaa taaftra #tawa 'aftawt caw ataat caaw aft cawiwt a’^w 
®iwaa® ftaaftftta«ttatataa??fa9 waft caat atai aaw «tww maw >qaa aftBnjaai 
mw aaa ma =ja w© caat ata at 1 ca 5jw®a '‘jaai 'ft**® cm faat 3tft®w m© caaw ata 
®tw m« afa *j)a«a ij5^ aw 1 *iteiR<p cstwa mu =a© ate 5jta®a ’jaat ata 54 calftfttiia 1 
cm caw 54 caftifttiia aaa® f^aw catwa fta© aw 1 wtwt a 1 ? 54 caftWStcaa a=a 'jaw 
ata*w®tw5a© caat ata at 1 

aacra caft ca ^ac^ wtwt a*? aww 'st ^a© caat ata 'stw ®icaa >j«Rajo aw 1 ’atsifw ®tcaa 
«taj ijsRnj.'a^la ijstwj 'aftai® 5a 1 ^5 cata aj>j?t a©'s 5 a©cifaw ata 1 
a^aiaftfta ’aifil'^^ia : catcaaaiaw epical a>^ ataw etftaia ®ta aftR’a aft® 5a iaas,«ila 5 i a»^fS 
caaw aft 1 iaaa aft a’^ftw catcaa a^t caw aftca caaat 5a ®t 5 w afaia caeaia 0.1 caw® 
a*ft® isa aft®cw caw aia 1 >!ft aas w a^ar^fta aw 1 

'ftft cm awta aip© : cata ftca 'Wf© a^ caaw 'mat waaaiat caaw aft 1 afta 

atm* cm | ataa anaa ojftata aftft’a aia ^ct, aftsw aftft’aw >wfB aftftm 
afta® <fca 1 cm ataaa atar aa^ ft^t®tw aftata aatt ata 1 ®ft cm aw caia ^ca ^pt 
aatw 'Sat , a^ft© 5a 1 ®t 5 l®t a^a '^ptata pftft catwa ftftsi mwtwa atai isla cm ®ia ft© 5 t caft 
mi ata cm ata fta©t caft caw 1 cm ftia a^j caaw ftg aftftma Saftai® afica >aai 

a^w ®twt®tw caat atca 1 



i.io 

Function of an eye 

'jrff «m i»imH c®,«inipw tatta® ®fS® f$m Pnw "amISmtaSampmmtE®®!® awa^pmi ’jra® 

®t "Pits® RiRa OT»fl3 5^ PiPl® CWW aliR'iw Sc«I*H ®® I 



IS® : &.*J 


fSt® pm PWIP® ®PTO I ®TN3T al®M 'S«tt POT® aNM PQ ®>$ 1 ®*$fi>® P (<0 
®®sfS «IIPII'WF|| PR, SWH 'OU.-VS ■'I'tl-'oslpi Pit® pitas R IV^i.'o ®IM!'4'4 5PII I PICT idfs-'isiHs *15 
®T RFP\ apt pm I P £<0 ml® ®mfl> mlPIWaPl PO apt PICT® mtPIW®»!f mMf'&'i ®t® PlWPjjSf 
OP\ -MM® ®ptt i RP\ ®®t OP\ ®Pi ^fSPi R^w f®f©s ®pit i ®®i® aan «ii<m ©a® 
P\Q\ *w ^fapi PiQi ®c® pq ®® ®pm® "a ©a>t af^Rm i 

aR>R«slb Piatt® afS® ®p® ml ®P1T cslta® csflRl l ®ts ®® a cmt® (rods and cones) ®lt® "P'oijpi! 

rnttatm attaaa^fa cmi® mat ijH'4"^ ®isr fraR i wlSai® ©a® ftp® ®t mitai a^ta ®t £ am 

sWt® ©«i«H 'jf© mt® «*c.»i "jpxsfKp n^tis TO® "aatmlaatPI^a^PTat® a$i 

©tgaj pi csfDiis ©a® ®*5® ©pst a(»R«j at® i m^f© iicas at®tt®j ®ta at® i 
sf&at® afl 1 ® <t>§s af©R**i ©ca?) wa« Rta® aRaii® war mt®®t carat caft i 
i.ii csica® igffi e ists jjR>a>l« 

Defects of vision and their remedy 

■'sl'olfs-p cstta® rjf®>® a® 25 cm tatm m^t® atm's R^'o m<tta, raraifam tsia 25 cm catm m^l® 
•jst 1 ®® ®tai c®t® i it®T®*s?’a© caat® at® i ®R caatat csta awt® atar ppitai m®> prat® at 
at® wiaca cat csta ®ta a®i®® i t®itaa®iarai|? a®ta®®fl> caatat® i ®at- 

i . S 3 ® 'J>© (Short sight or Myopia) 
a. Rf 'if© (Long sight or Hypennetropia) 













®W?t ocawra is^a c®T®f^ crow ijca carat ■asi'es aRR-q a&a wca i «»?«i ®it ®caa 
Cawa aWH >(4)#^ Ca®t at Mill ftcaW ewa '*tW ®at WWW na^RPl® Sw Ca*t <WM 4dC® 5Ca 
at ^teiR<i> caicaa RW5 ftr^N >9 ’flirt® *w«htps frtw tjfi^irt csrcaa frtwS O c® a&a wca [Sat 
b.rt»W>]l 

b.Srt Sl«a rt*?3 Wlcal^la 

Perceptions of coloured objects 

| aiaai aaa wlcat a’j ctfrt w a 3 ^? caw wsat mpi wialtaa cstca ac® i caa a^ wtcat 
aRalita rot s^s inalt aRR-q caltara afca wca i catfcata a^aaaw tjik atw aiat iat 
aP®c«<p eiaa aw i aP$tw Irt’fs Rcsacaa aa wwat cat <p$w caac® ait i caftai caw ca at&jcai 
ap8i*a frtcaw ca«pna aw a® e caia (rods and cones) i fltaa acat caaa’Scat art atcaaartta 
(colour sensitive) 1 1®a aacaa wia ww 3la<rt atcaaartta wia, aw art atcaaartta wia arat 
art atcaairtla wia i wiwi art a®t 130 at wfSa c?lw at wa cata aaw artw ats ait 1®aft> aert 
aw i caf&aia wiatflFH At aiaaap® ®aj aPow caaa wca i aRsw wiaia frtwa a&aia atatca 
artw wwiat wca caa i wolist wwat af®a <w?a aicatfta taafti ait i 
b.i« taaRia #aca wlwta dFsaserta amis 
Uses of refraction in our daily life 

wwicaa ®ica eiartt ®^a caw win i aaa wwat wicat a*? cafrt ®aa wicat a*? caw ■rica catena 
pw asrta* dtisjj^a ror caltaia taa a^ i caHtata *t a 3 ^? flam ak®a ® $rt>t at^faw afca a*aia aa 
wwat aajw caat® ait i (jwsi'cawicaaw caata aace aiawi aamwicaia sf^aaa i 
wcawa cwta Tjfaja tuft wm i w® ta wi a>icaa a 1 ? caw at w® wtaia ^caati caca at i flaaiuftija 
aatta atat wwat fafrtat w®ia caw atat a*wt ataaia arta i aaaia aat faca «na® witwiap alrti 
af®=5® rot caw a^ iaaa a 1 ? afSaww caac® a5ia®t wbi i (jsait ^f®a njt 15a wat® wtwia 
af®aaa wtwaw 1 

«iwat s>jMsI frtcaaft'spi, aitwic^ialrtca (Srfi 3 ! a® aw cafrt, cTOc^ia facs 3 wa fePia 
arocafrt iaaa ac^it wicaia af^aaa •drcwataroaait'^ai 

wwtcwca e (SI®wR®fawaca wwat ca wafSaaW ’fltaia ataaia w aift ®ie wwia af®aaa aerta waata 1 
wwicaa weaewa aca atew 'dii^laaia aiw <aatcaf^af®aawaiaca®icaa 3 wia afeftfrt caatatai 
ata caw aaca wicat atRa aat laca iaca aacaa acw wtal®® aa 1 wtea afeaacaa aa wwtcaa caica 


III 



*WrtR«H 


: i.b 

PW ascg afiR-g ^R> « SW'N 
Seal) : *uWM®Bw ®^a PW aiaakl aaaglasg aRiR**) 1 
<mriiRi : <wfi>®w caa i 

b. taa*!® ®^a pw aw i 

*. caaffiftca c'aMs "ulgcsufis ggwaaaT whhls faaa! 'frsw i 

0. 'SJSltsI PW fi>W aifttgg WICT OTR- 5 II5’H 5 II, HWH ?a>JlRg ftw «R3IT I 

8. piafiSw ®tCH alCT gsca PTCT3 caws 5TWT ’TO 4Wiw ®ag if ijMM aR>R *g t'Sfg a*g 
<t. aRR'albcg’ ?ag> g>?ita afaj pnlbca 1 ^ia®T gw algpi atf*tec*i agW I 
&. o^iwi <wl1> RR5 Tjau5 a*?g 3<i# aRiR"<i <pMc<* cwc® aica i 

a. ‘S®ita i jcgg ■q'j’s *rt> aR>R*g taiiica aa^fa <wii ai<i i 

b r. aRRc*aa a&a ancaiiHi ^g i 

Rfejj gjl&a creag a^wg •jM's>a “g^ R*fg e qjgyacawi t>‘W aasjggq 

®waj : ’a# a'fcag ■jii'sn ^5 aftaia a^ asicag 16^5 gait <s aragigcaiaj Eaat aai® agt i 

Saagg : aacgg ^ mb ' qaatat i 

1. c'si’iis p|irg», ■’is.qiSl.aTgiaT, ag$ cawtag aa) caw taai gjg*i« ^cgat tggq ait>«T'iw 

TO I 

*. aig&rot aaGig aaqaiffi a®w aw i 

«. Rft garag gqqstffi ®ia caw ca «ig*iicH etw wcafsiw a?w saiiaatjwia ^cg ca wt-a^awTO 

MRtoi 

8. igaig iwfii caP5ft®ig cwa gjaaig ^cg csia caw aacgg aaawg ^a^fla aftiaTa to i «o®t$ ^ig 
*r® a'fcag •jwg ^ i 

b. w caw awjwa ^a© g4cag ijggi awt (25cm to to at caPt aswi) aro acaw%i grot 
aptfsH tow aig i 

n. 1%g 1%g aj%g aMai »rt> ^Pfcag ^jraro arolg aaga wtcaisat to t 

aftmi? 


arffcam 


*Jj*^®*I *jip^ 

yitftgya »ggi 

(Sdc«!«rH 
























'51^%# 


a*. <tjft3li>5l aj| 

aft 3 ? ©rot Ifo (V) ffr? nfs 

ii aa ataretst le'iM sttat laHtii s*sc<p 5PW arua cata* caata Isa afi>fi“>i ww ?ta? 
as) ©*(1531 fita 1 ©1& ’at’TCa ’ll fits si f^t^ataatta v 

st) Hls|s||SI atlasja I a) s(ICT ’TCSt atEa 

strera ftat picts * « « aeac|*t ©wits 1 
*1 istares af^wt casta w ? 

as) 0° st) 90° 

«t) 180° 15) 45° 

ol atlsM-t WHft Slia ^Isre a® '5S 'il4i»l sn^a ? 

as) ■»|<j afSFSSfla af©’T4 c t ©) 'SW'sfl't HfelpsR 

st) affcaaa si) aR«wi 

8i ©w caw afoR^t «wwa ores asatba ajaj'® aPt Hat - 




a) eatP 

st) ftwKiSlffi-sptt 


a. 

ii aaa eiffo ajait Pi©# c^ aw alias catena cswt ®Pt®tta caste® aia at i aret ®t®ttaa siaatasi 
aia ®t$la S51W -2D a-stssW"!^ PP I ?*f5ft Rates sjssiicsisi aalspi ficaa I 
as) caaaieaapt? 

a) apfat^ca ■Statca iaafi>ca , T’Ht$ batata? 

st) PtS^aaastta t*si<wa sja^l^taasa i 

a) Pt®#cas aMMta (-) astaitsi taa oaticaa astral cassia cslf&a»$t Pat i 



■'pw 

STATIC ELECTRICITY 



pmst mft at«j® 'i i tic i Si cafe » teases sit® i aipt ft ®w ts c®mia afta io 2 * ft ma mtsm caPt caffis 

mas Ala asH ■'Mr* ®1tS I ®$ a udl'Ews mmfli c,*Ilftp s4 St® ®[SH (Charge) I cdflreHs 

misHc® shmw « $c*iafiMs mwist® shmi® sal as i miftss^f , ia*itas® , isaasitsw®ta-sT®%saa 
alts il3fi>« i mffetas spjfta «swfl» tsIPi® « m? al*mi tssa flwiw cvkii <ks» aiR® 
mat am i ®mat mtcat csss ■Halts mwttsa sf*sa cams am, Halts attsa maim® mi Us® mat® as i mt 
manta mmitsa ®MfS® mmm’tcst m®*nts ft® aimta i rn^msjmmaf m$ manstm ft® ®fts Rem rnwnfts 
mtsfti mmsTsstsss m^ftmmmitsasiss® mas ms cat® ft^ftss « CT^ftss cat® Hants ams® si®t® 
scsmwrnltsmstmssil 

m$ mass aii tats mivai - 

i. assist stemftfttwmtaR^SscsHSftmsaaMit mat® ama i 

a. sHt ® mitai aftsm mtaia ^PS suss mat® sms i 

® ml'kaSIms at"ms sisiisj mta® sawmaM maw sms i 

s •isc*sa am® mar aa slSais mat® mas i 

<t. ml^acma! '^PfiarnmaasaCtmat'® aiaa i 

® m^aastaarn ft® ®t$s cmara ftmc® ftt^H mta ansit mat® mas i 

a. mlfes.ftss ansit mat® mas i 

\r. 'S%a l 1% mwmtS alstms mtfms SJNjt mat® Sisal 

s. ft® mfet ajaam anas mat® mas i 

io. ft»m%ftaamam^at®arnlacmMaa3Witmai®'imai 




io.i *(t«R 

a®lca cala® ®ta aiP6c<M (B^fS ate® Ra ^a »iit>i{?iwi«i ®aji ^a 'Sib^iww ®iw 
c^tsr® BgSlfk^ ®la ®eaa *tae®ieaa arrest faypa aea Ra i <a^Ri 55 ®la®te® caw ca fastens ate® 
a® ®aa ca it fBg^t Rea $a Cloak'll ntro at, i*t»ltai a® , >n^T aea caea ens as^sc® R®<® ®ea ^ca 
ciw Re<a 1 cala® ^a® (B^SlIBc® cBRcaa aw ®iwc®$ wae® cwt c®, cGRcas ®aa •w *iwt basest 
®M«rjc.aic® Ba^irC 'anrt't ®aeni cataess a® <s s®a ®%®®t aae®t c®iateaa <nene®a$ aeaea 1 
aweas £*nfti #®e® want caR ca waieas aiaatcaa «K.aa> dtRa? catse®a fBa^ls a® aman ®st 1 



atast c®R ca, caw® T ?Re , ‘tna® 3 nin i anT® 3 n5e®at®< c t ®esat®R«spa atatd® ana^nsje® 
®Re®a ®<w% ns 1 ®f|a cnaten ©Wjj an caaie*d me® aw ®e® Rta ®fsn wt an 1 >aaa cast 
ala,'®f® < ssw aland® n , sntn 5 ie®aiasi ; #tafat t 

awat wR ae®t® aaR ^5 ^5 ®m aiar ad®i ®eaae® asai^ awi ae®j® aatetia ananj, 
RSfilaiteaa WaRe® ^ftnatn ^wafia mat ad® 1 RSRstena aenj ^ nseas ®nt ait®-csrfBa e 
R®5*i 1 aaR ^Rtanlt entR® (®c*i8n a cafBa) calR® a ^aRRtnjn® wd nc® atm® at 

atR 1 ©eamBeaa atm®e® awnm® isae eafBeaa aim®e® n®i®t® aar aa 1 RSIH ®f^a Raw® a<iin 
>at® cant?n atnt® cn$ i<a®R eatite® atnteas afaaia twa$caa atnteaa am® 1 mt®tfn®®tea >a®ff> 
assize® $ea®5e®a mwn csifficaa awns aaia ate® 1 ®w ®®Bt WfBt asat^e® c®te®t ®1^a *R a®ta 
ataati Rfeg aate^a astatic® catta a 5ca<riJcaa ®wnRf©^ aa 1 
caw aanaje® n®®a afp® twafia a catScaa awn aaia ate® ®®®a atF® ®t Rasf^a ai ®f$a 
Raea® ate® 1 f®^f aaat^p® >neaa awtt aaia at aca Hsai-i ®f®aspa aa ® 4 ta ®id® aa 1 c®teat 
aaafljc® teaaSeaa awit ®ea caea cafteaa ®ifa®i caat caa 1 ^ ®a*ne® aat aa aai®t® ®tatea atfa® 
a«n 1 ®iaia ®t teaa®a ®*h c®ieat aaat^a aiea aw ca aaafjc® csifSeaa caea®wa®eaa 
awn caeij aia , ®w ^ana® ®taiea ®ift® aa 1 aaai^e® teaniuea? awn wraRe®a caea ®a at caft 
aeaie® ®id® a®ai aw 1 

ca a®a aate^a aar Rea ®%k ®at wan aac® aaiaa ®ae® aiea ®ieaae® nfftaia® at afaa® aw, 
caaa ai®a aaR, aid, aTaacaa 1 aiataa® at®a aaR ®f®a ^adaift aa 1 ®tat, ^ai, aunjRRaia 
?®nR ^aRat% 1 ®aa ae® ca a^t aaie# aar Rea ®f$a ®ai ®taia aaiaa ®ae® atea ai ®ieaae® 
'sa®a® at ®aRai® aw, caaa®d, ®ta®, ®is t®nRi 
jo.a aist 'aifa's®*a 


Electrification by friction 





a^ans aatrta itwaJH e atta asaRsiw aits i to arais sasiyH auiiatws 
aRRs fc«u$taa af% swft ftps i twtfiPBi affe aR swft Rfefl 



fast ; io.J ffcll ! >e.S ft® ! So.» 


RRsj ass I ®R 1 3$R aS® RHum 'nrliA "ihl «.« W OT «iHii wR 

Caa 5 ^ saa a^R (W ^<.1<*&1 aftS Sta Sai«i*i> SB I 'WltWIWflmiTO 
JBm stai art (Rat lo.i) i Rtsa ftwaJM siafcsitss ®ot csR aw, Jitsssaa 'M 3 ikw ates sal 
as, wsa aft cat* Rwsj}s Rw sw ala i ■« sw ft® saw* awtcs ®av aftas saw* satca 
»(|R» as i <ssat sreas taiawic* sflrfa sta (Bar >o.a) i siast wtawa states area HnHflfl! at 
aRRa as aaw, aRRa as saw swta siRjs isat wtawa sis? saws aisica siRs so i 
■staa, aRRtaa Rw^a sia% wtawa ®ts caR aw, a**tai* aw a<is* sw wtawa sta? 
flw Rwatja SRRa sts sw sits (Rar Jo.o) i 
io.w sf^t slisH 

Electric induction 

sisat cstafR w, a$R a^fa sn*ifas s<cSa aw lianas ttsa ss i si 5 *! sift* a*?ts satfts 
a*jfs soatrf siaw saift* a*sfR s#® so i R*Tj*atft**Tjts'stSwaT5aswtirfst "KM* 
snoslftRnt taws sifS sift* sa i sRs stcswa sai iaass as itssffi «i|R« <1^ sits iSEaw^al 
to laalai <ibj SaRfftw cottar saift® a«f» ’sift® sals ftftta sf$s aw aw i Rent ass 
•SlTO awwj«i|a am amor ratals i 



aJIsa : aiaicaa sj«a RRR «aft i*tai stbssc* ®as Res «iwt to aw <aa *is awt sits aw 
was staw atsft salft* aftatft as ab ais a Stews P-w.'E slow alislD* ftwsfljs'jwi 
ssstsa aawasiaia'naiaifftsai^ aic^ sot sics (Rat lo.s s) i aw B srcwRwsfiaaitR 
'w.sRk flap* saws sisita sifts as ap* saw wsh^i* sa i wish ssttss KsfS 

aaSat® siroa aw® awiCTfaja <mai aw at aw] j ai«B oftsIHatawaatsTO (Rar >o.e 
aft sf^a^ar‘1 at,"iM alsiwj ■sa R4aaatw, ftafitfc^aswwaarwiasiRsstsi 
‘flaica a^= taiwi staia fctag so at i wi(S.» SaPada ataca asaRsW RaJla stpSlu swh 

ysscsaRaigls^siwgaweacsatsi a«sa olwsR AB a Ra i ga s i ts at w a®s a IVta) 
aana awtw ^as sts aftatfta^ stwasaftHsatai ftaaa aStartsaftacss salawatataatyis 



t'iaflcss ww w<itT , rt top? mi w* as ’fiNftcw « <Mm , m w wot 

WM MNW V l 

n^ilflh* i C^flC¥ GWIBI tolM WW ^ I aWS alfcP ^cw 

ttoSIWTaWI 'C’J^'rtf^ CM <RB OGi Mfcl T i^itt OTWW afSW ^It* I 

i <^SWl»tVJWfHIWW I toWW Iff 

wtoiwiaww i mi iW>Pinflwrtw W!W I 





np^lWWi WWW tort ^f* toll l»HW W(W MWT toH <HW* toUftfW 
itw (to io.*) i «at pfwiatSaitoi »Rrs eres® (to io.*)i 

>«.* tow 

Klectrowope 

•to i w h’vni awro ^Kid P«n to to to* 

ani atto #a(S tofl ai w ttofl ar*< to x ** toa i«alt af*a swSs at rtwa aflfawn 

top (to i>o.i) i ntw tour w» ^flt vtaicarcw to a qj* ton to ajOtwpraaaw 

tofVtaw at to carat total at^w w *»ai aww atwftiw to tofitafl) *tatfftnt Wi 
RPcanaaifta aaft a* *bm awr «aa « h-h "tiff : >!■>*($ to •msw tot* atat*am.aan 
att^!% towatwan 


a%al^^a totoa * aalE to»toaa (m \4 Rw wr toart 

<HMa WWl*H tov to I 4 aft* »WH «1^fW waft at Itolto 
*tw ’■rt to a« to atfaaSi tow aw to •Aton^frrtt 

to* aw* hi ftw «hw tope* rfkxi totwHta ataajjt isatatftar 



frft6*«ftwiataftto*inwi ■w tow ^t w tf it toitowwrgta to.io.^ 
wpsi «ra i® aw '<#t | p aw atw to cat toata^ tow i ato to aw. awa iw»iwis to 

Mi 5 ! yt» wwi 



bt>8 '•I«rl4fa'es|'< 

ql31t?ta Saftafa ft% : talcal vjw 'PtatFta 'pRs'q ®$ta toll'll a^gc® 'atata ®ITO ^ at ft*fal?t ®aj 
a^glEt® i9®fi> walft® ®fe<#®a <IC"aa CTgfta aaw «IWOT kta I <SE® aft ’ll® ’STO care iJBt 
areata, 'slaca ^JptC® 5Ca v§fD(.'® atatFB '“iPo'q >aTre 1 (%"S5 aft < H®'J§fi> aspaa care Tjre are '•It 
ala, »l«,*i ^ptOT aia vtjIbi« ®t*tla Cat I 

aiatcaa a^pfaft% i reitat ®%asp® a^^c® ■#! aataa atata atre ®t wlare are ®f$a?ta K t a"3tft>re 
aata aat®re ftaat atat®i® ®tatta ®ift® <ps(.'s are i aat are, <t"isli>(.i> aarare rewire reilt® real 
aret i pj reaatta areata aarere w areia Piat jftre are ana i Ptaa aSla^la a^fiScre ®ffea5trea 
pc-pb nireRm =wf ahca aft ai® ^jta retre rere aw, ®tare aret® reca pJ pj-vgfS aware retatre 
®i|R® i ’rarest® ’ftra% S’TffSta* sireRa 5R*W‘f phii aft ailre cat? ala, ®kw aatt® are a^^fS 
aiMi<p reWTta reift® i 
io.ff ®fi^aa®t 

Electric force 

area spjfa : pref? aareire rewire reift® sifts® tpsc® aitarea g®i ftta aiftre casat aret (fi>at bo* 
a 5 ) i Piaia Pi®fi> aw®j® rewire reift® sftfttaa ww Pta Rain retai aret i ■#( reat atta ? sift!c®a 
resflf sftftrea attsa ftt® ^ca atre i pi ret® aattaia.’itfif Raft® rewire reift® a*? sareat® retaRa 



ft® : bo* 


piata Pia# «hi®i® rewire reift® sifts® a®t® aw*® aai®i® rewire reift® stfti>t®aacsaftt® ftta Pire 
(But io*«i)'fl real area? ^prea'sftjEs^Bi’itaaita i artia aarei®* rewia saaiat® Italia ®tai 

: reiaat reaaia, RaS® ret®a rewia aa-wai® reiaRa ®ta, ^f6 aarei®a rewia 
sawat® fa®ts a*ta i 'j^ft'anatcaaaajaSt Pit reiaRaaifaaRtaaareaaiafa^areta, 
b. rewia ’^ftasSaitaafcaa 
p. rewia <itfta aaw® *jat®a Gaa 
®. rewia ijtft <w at<ota reafta® ®ia s^l®s ®sa i 
itf® 'atarcaa aaia^t ana^a at fta^a aa a*ac4 ftssftt ^pa Pia 5 ® ^ai 
ftafsascHi ait® ^at*aa are i 

^js : RW ataita ^f6 ®witaa atar ftaifila ®i®^a at ft®<a ataa 
ata ®iaiaacaa ^a®caa aal^at%®, aaia® ^at'?a ac% apsi^’itfe® ®aaPt5^t Pttaa auatai® aaaejat 
aataaftartaasti 






■BIT ala, 'Ttfi! TOIWS hfiaM WWW q\ e qi TO >SWB SSja® I p'9 d (fta Jo.S) I WOTS ir*rj^S) 
®St%l atJrfa St SS F SPI, <5Sl*as JjiSlyilU, 



(10.1) 

TOOT C Wat? STOSlfea asa I TSPflOTS TOT WS TO 9x10 s Nm 2 C -2 1 Wta awa TOS ^tat^M 
Ssasat SS I 

ahlcs* waa : toiots waaawsiTO (C) i afi> wafSaw waa i 'suPhsium ■nWi«u wasssrOTsst 


catcsi hfiMSls to a 3 ? ajtPHsis (i A) aats wa pus*® (i s) sot otiot as cstatOTt sp 
Rot ca sSTO TOH SalR's as atca wa 3 £t 3 s (l C) spi i 


m i c : x 20 C* 50 c 
m (2m) ! 


Jo.t) ssf^, C^J 

Electric field 

sst at 3 ? A as*fi> sstwta atstOTs s 3 ^* i was P l^it'o (f&at bo.^o) aR aa 
TOis A a^fs toiots sa +q tohID waft sa a-jaa asca i TOst sR 
p R^oa waft wfes trot Raw s*bot aw ^ss sow aifta a^f a i a^ts, 
waft aiR« a 3 ^ Ra<£ to waft atR® topi ptft ata^s at Ra4*t 
as a^ss sot i aiR« s 3 ^ wsRta ca as»a a?J5> a$ awa Rajah area 
pR aawtsR at <j*^fCa Tgf^s taw spii 

®3'*l: -pn^fl 3 p csta cast sis ot, p (^jlt A s^fts saRaftsSt 
as i St l^jjca «%a carats aaaate a® sis i a%s carats sss'stca 
^tgatsai as i afes press caiwi (■hjes waft waa sstaia atro toss 
aspt ptft ca pi '=ia»q acs ana £ R’js aRs 'Sls'oi apt i 
sR p Rtjc.'o TOR'S TOhft fpi ara act jsispt p Rss '©f5»s'51sai, 


(10.2) 



*lfta *iil'<n > Wn*» &K S'ntfH sin# Mw 1 

’sffc'tlSTO wwWti/?n(NC" l )i 

*4WP >o.* I CTOP cror SCfll iswfl! Plftp V? PTO TOOT 4ft CTft 200 N TO 
TOPOf^CT i Rtj;'® w«i 'Rs«ia TO ft*fn TO I 



= 40 N C' 1 
*t 40NCT 1 


TOIOT. 

TO,f=200N 


»^¥WI : C«4 4TOc4 «W|t TOTO TO! 4HCTOI TOM» TOMTO WTOt ■*«■( I 

CTO ! ItP>$4WaTOffi*HRWTOHTO , RTOOT«lf6TOTOTOCTI 4ftTORlt'3TO'TOOTf6«tTO 
TOM TO ftflr 41 OTCT TOlt ftfWi TO TO I CTOS iWlt^TOTTOTORTOTOTOOT ifllt £9 

TO «flw TO! »IW «f|4 TOBftt TO I TOW4W 4tTO (TOP »lf^ OT% I dft (TOUOT TOPI* I 
MOW CTOH WPIT^C* ^*SI *ftSM 0 ^IK!I TOH *R0f ■’CBRST TOUt CTOK 

toowjOT >99945 ot, crow wtOTtfr'jOT TOorTO’TOPftroOT^p <S1^OTPfj4®3TOftp 

ftlfa TO3 I TOOHH 41OT TOtTO TOftl® >«TO IWWK TOT 1*1® Pfa#"* TOOMR TOJ1 '*W*W 


cwm C9 TO TOWW TOTOTlOTI TOWft TOpM , «rfl^ Wlgft* CTO IOT E « 
TOW# TOUW1OT1 tj{i H« «4*f* OTTOTOOT E ><8ITO ®lfc9rTOHa I 


TIP ftl*f*l TO I 
rTOC^, TO OTTO 


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swr asite sea i wat ^f©s# site a^glSs risb •Bi'spf wi <9a<© asraw 'BtSRw s^ja 
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staras* risb aai'sw mca sift® a^^a ftw wi i staraw risk ttjjtea mw ©s? tecsa 

ftw wi i w® jjRis'iSI Rite s’ 1 ?© sbirfwiw Biff's wt rr© rsr sbirr ribbw % s^^s 
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risr s^ga ftw rbw test rir Rtai wr risr© a% wm RsaRf^s wwis witsr test 
ftsaw swirir sat as i 

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afi><i?ls =15 fi«t “lilt's Baaiat at ®fe«.sMa Rs<.mot s>n ‘iH^aa,'®iw % sSst^a 

a%i Mw^«itsB q w'sffes wcaa wimi Rsip» si sQsiDa ts R^cS «tWco sf% s™tg saws 
wi$, w tSr ^ v = — (io.3) 

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SBB WB MBS' MW WB MtSW SICS MRSBISS 

sisiisa sSbims ©sa tea saa sti <9© tea bm m tea©a 
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teisa Mlsw ssfsw sisb sislte seal ^© Mtswa tea 
BBB St BISST ’!<"= 'oiBIc.fs <9% Bsk oats I 




gwn, Ms aw riM •tfilstU* Rf$a rsmi at Mot to A astracst *iftsttli riot 
»fJ*lweM yi wi ehli MtSSt FWI 

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OTyw aaifts to. afts rj a*ys rioth aftsiR cart a»ys ssjm riots •tftsiOTs cro tow Mft i 


■ wt S'ftfte TO Mlft® *^Cl *IW A S B ■OSflt RR 
inn ’t’l-R* s R* R1SJM y* RtM (ft* io.io) I 

stR-R* TO TO A S B CB lift TO! SOTIS1OT A R 
B Sea TO ’lifts Srr| TOTH AS I B TOS RtlR A 
to* shots cro rotr ay aast* <sRt 8®»l *Ms 
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riots S<*»h otiott *i®aSa as ai. aftK *nfts aan 
ad> at i rots star aifts Rftsft ftj( seat soys 
Srotaala sirs eat Rifts awwaiatati rrr aft 



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Mft, My asslts faes ft#lsT6n oral rs i rot aftai® ^Wot salt afts# eta ftts otot 

ftfls "fita# Mot wa aftaiftw aawia aiaia aaiM acai 'shims afiftra aas aftaftrs caft 
seat aty® ftes as aeais sit rwh wi ots aianas dtwu rot aa» afiiartO ■jcUTw Ms aaia 
wawtaTOKas aaRTO to atca i 


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as i aaTgTOtaRiftea’yOT^a^jRSOT^fWtcaOTtOT^a to t^jc* ft**^** to i 
am aiawadta atM a*yia *jMs atca aro OTy mot ttaa®a ^ftt* salM as, rot 
a^It ft^^R as i sB® ftsft «, tn anaw Mia—fttsw wci ftesss afta^a as at i 

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a»y mot afRftsRRiata sw aan alas aiw aiM aara^jOT ataft asanas to. rot ^Mot 
R iataflaaOT rsi u; i OTOTtMssat*Rf Mcwrrs siysss ®sSrots frsetOT Maa astas 
casft ftea ft^tss ass ^jft^s ftsaiw i pt an i 



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RSS wpyc.'ss faSB 

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R» ilpra alala s^t® ai®ta R*ili a ^Jt&s 'src^rr R*<i s$®j sl'pc.® ait® i *a® B® R«<i a$t®JS 
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aits ^stgis a 5 ® Rt® as i 

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stt®^R csi®satBt®ts®ais'ststsTssT®st® a® 1 

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1 1 tealkst 



(0 AC’tPFPCWf^W'IF B PlPIWW 

(ii) BPIPW«CTft|*INRA £»tl*K<MlM 

(iii) ^WH v TM"w -n^il jihH *ICT I 
fttss t+wfD ? 

W i PD ii (*0 iii M 





bi fifat s»i qlwtiC'iM *la ewe® cm 'sta «Jt> «J5 ■♦Mcarti 'J-wtc-p «h#*I w i %H w 
«HrawoCT Gift's ««ics, tm tnj tdsn i tan tarcr ®$3t16 tmrar? mwitt 
tratti RtnflSa -g^kta ®irai ’■mi^Rmh Fi •¥■«.>(* f*tet 3iw ’W|4 R<i>h 

iwrtMtH cm i jr 'aic^m » *ic**<iM tkjwj tflmi mei 164 % «n»nws srjfe 

PR ‘tltM f 

fa)#factm t*j«ilR.'4tji^Rttatle i 
fa) ISs^R «nfl!® ^ema ’Wat #ii <w i 

fa) «rislt«i »ilaji<ij R*s|w fSgSlIts ^1<(lw?l sFjfe toI <il« tJWII’fil i 



PR'sl&tcmarft f 

ft) p fatR'i mtfaw iR^i msci ? 

fa)*m‘®WPl*SC®*%tatwfMnma i 
fa)1Sai t 5 ’ Wl Bill T 4 «I 13 » tCH ifiR'S* RcS<H <m I 
t. RPfafa sRJ 

ii tit-M c^lwl mtRjstwtw t5-ii oNJtms i 

kt tmkil «i<H •tfaRn.'o ■Swim 'qlR'o toI <i|« <rfi| <m \ 

el 

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<1 1 aw® m^tPS •®«ic< «HI3fa RWICT «l!®3 miff tit #11 '<BI i 

v i ate® *#113 effctShm wain flsKt C3lwi miftjs <f^ 5 mrniwa Fl% eat tin 
#imi 

m 'jlffi muncra t<wS)'sfe‘stt ctr cam Raws ®*w faSa <R 3 ? 



CURRENT ELECTRICITY 



N*<l™ 8Hc«* CWCS ■ql*ral 'at^i's.^T ftiKwi tHs M« <pm «llt% I wWpto <l-i!pllR’ at ^wwlm 

ara wfywa •fRiwj ww i wwat 'sl^wa ®aa ar®itt$ a, , ®l$a w wwww #Wa caaa aa wt 

w*hw wat« •tifawi ^8 «wjihi wwat f^nt 'sf^ ftra wimi i 4 »wjiui wwar w wfJoM Wfe^ 

SntjI^ 31ft CT^R-^1^ sWKTflsfl, aW, 'ols*»ha* aw -T-lt8 «ri*ic® *1813 1 arej^Fe 

aaiwa ffiw, *ifiNtfl, ^#3tK aw 34*ifiwiS) , '5%, 3 ^, «‘pis ^ai, faw aw. ntiH8^»i aw, aias 
l^8s8*rol, a1W3 Gift ’Q -n*il"®sKi 38381, 31^3 W8W8I fi-nl-s, 'ol^t.wj Pu.^*i 33 aw wlwHl^v «J^x.«s 
ft#Wf B wW38T 3133)3 15)01 3TC3I63T 3W3 1 1 


ai w»ois *lt5t eta wWst- 

i. r*-tfl '<of%&W 3t® b*i swfa v 18l < i I 

4. wfea, iWIms aw. ^i*ipi5i a3lS3fl l*)8> <uWJt «» 3133 I 
is. S’t-wit'ls d'S'W n<wis <po« 388 ww< -wit's '1133 1 

8 . >ari«.wr^ii^witr Ruwrr prht® i 

ff. eWSOH »iWwj «1$3 S3t3 D^J ait ijwwi RPU’T’R# Wt*R 33C® ”1133 1 

«). f®33 aW aw *lf?W83%l aW 3JW3T ^3E® *1133 1 

1 . alHf aJW.f%53 -1I44J <M ^3W *033 1 

v. snws Wall's! wtwot anw *1133 i 
8. wiwfln 1 aw « *163134 ^ 3jwjt 3we® 3133 1 
io. caft « *tJii«saw <831 <j< 3M ^ac® *1133 i 

ii. a8%® '5>u aw 3133 ) 3 ^ac® *I)S3 i 
i3. '®%3 *»wto IViW w ■wisiw 1 

io. 'ol'SC'ss Picni*i 38 aw. «l*i*li*33Jt<0t 3^5 *1133 1 
is. 'ol»c»a t^aWi « <pI^<m <j<3)« 3faT "wic® *1133 1 

iff. 3i3t ailScw <i<ws $*tai% 38 % wit smtr ^a ast wwt aifll $ 33 - aw o<3M sMr 

i«>. 'ifJi'M ft3t*w « -wti-m awara ftaa -mm wiaa i 

i*i. aw « aitstaK'T ^iw'5>i«l Jjfi>a «TO t’1l*5la <WH •WlM ItSW I 



ii.i 

Production of current electricity from static electricity 

1%^ Retail wi «®R|?) 'sis slat ’wit ?s, wPt 1 %sm* $>5 tec«a 

“P^sps^prairT sffltokff l <re’H s*^uis wo +tl4s>j kt 5?r w*H *Mte oft sRIk 
sltwi wlwl d&iils dPOW 4^}HMld WU <wl« aWt 'S’B fcniiri SRK 

Ra^ftjfoks »*k» «tW l %cnsii(*t9i dtteRfils^sRI^kt'It^kSRIkl 
wk*il HHsI?Is wi^kfll SWwnui W%5 d w aw w W dfitoH ^WPf drift's »ks* 'slis dsk <k?i I 

cs>kfl dB-ilDs i<iM>k*il S*lwi9 Wter Q ’iBsH W dslfij* kS, wki*! «I^s. SR15 



WKHI Rfl^l ^lR®'lS'<lllC'»^WR >iRk.'B*BU*T ^SCS *11® «1t I 4 WS ^*11 

^sulte ®%«, «wr i ^ ait ^wiwa »*tio(.*w nro *iS«k.*( iwaRFWT wsbwi dt’swt "iStaiKt® 
«IW^l *ft IJtW sWlRi kN 1 ®^ s ® I W? art'll *|<J, TW|st »ikMil <|P|OT, *Si|fckd<(ltsS ^R> kUI«l 

kRt^fS'S^stfkSI c*flwl *lfiqlSl« (,<ii<pM aW«pra W to Is -4 1 C 'fflft dklfta kCT 1 A 
^tfksdsk t>(?1 I ’"ulRljilcssi SHISJ '5'OBI Will «lllk I 



'iffc^W’^WR ■fl'SIM W ^f$<s ktt ^t 'S'ttSBT Si.l 1&UM klWIW Rfaf W Wit I 
’Jgt's^ 1$lt> 3WWft AT, iWij $0«) CT*ltk?I « B Cd 'TOI («tlft 'ItBT kW 

ter d>BD ^ra 'shift's ^at k?r i srh ■sift Ki ^*r ter is® te^ Svilt «rt®^ 'll® ^tUB 

^ilC< SC*- i 

“wrts 5® R'osiS'vm ■j^ort '□( 1 ’TOT d|« -fclW •<i*HIjMH kihq|*i* iWHhq^^WICT ^|I3 jb *ml 

1531 diw ^itw ter rjf® ^nr i arer Ki arai.fotfftsitPtawt 

'#3kH 'IMS *jf® kH 4 ^Iwrs^kJMk STO I d ■fSSll'i sOWSk^tfiftH dj?ll apR ddfli <T3I ^Psl^k 




zMlwjl 1 =P4'$ Mil ®at® atBI I WttSIBI ’UI*i®kalRlj|tsnt tfGlffi •+Rt«iW nMJ “l®fti.® Rft-a awia «(Si 
ai®(?tt®T fitet iStatSI 

SflaalMlfSl'SIWS %®a %ta ®Bt CT ®1$S a«l«* aCSSSI lilt ®f$S *HtS ^I«IM ^ SWtf 
'•Hl'arp •IB ^IR® ai® B CSC® ’llh'slciifililura SS7 fttS SStft® atS SaMv ®tStta ^ilR® 
at 'saq (,’H^is aa*. i<ia to ®l»a dsi«s ^R> as i 

A att®s satai® ®wts, fiai®wt®®w®?ja®i)tss , M®(®®wiaai!iTltfesasi sis wi at®a aw 
sttais^ataasWEs splat® sarcasms? as, stsistBitaiftteiaftt®s star san®at sis i 

ii.t daks* Rs* 4?i t<.s®is dsl«s 

Direction of electricity and direction of electron flow 

ass ssa sa ®1%a as, rasa sis ®sn at®t cs sarai® awtas ssttss wt ®%a asicas a[ft> 
as isss iat sars® awta ®*>'m R®s caw Rjj'w Recast ftt® aaift® as i ®it®%saarcas asPl® 
ft® sat as »®®s Rea csi®ft3®aft®issftt® ®sst ®%a e®tiss sai®r® at® cat® ®ai®i® aft®s 
1tt®i IV^ ®tsst ®ift ca, s-y®ai® ®% asta scat ®si®r® arsis ®st tvwjjwfl astcas «rai w 
®f$a deltas a^® ft® awi ft ;*®s Rsa is 1® S*®s R®isa ftt® ®tis ®fi$s c®nss shmi® at® cat® 
•ni'q'p ait,®* fat® 1 apgta®($a aattas a^® ft® asft® ftt®s ftaSI® 1 f^rat asft® ®s 16? ®f^s 
aaisas asft® ft® fttta ®aca 1 


a^Pt® R^s aata 



®6tH6ai®®ps®slssss®lsst®%sasltssa5lt®1t®s®t®^s3S®sai 

ii.fl ^f$sa$t® 

Electric symbols 

®f$s aata aats s*(f aac®®%a®tttawi ssa c®tcst c®itss at® ntfDw c®ttat cswt®s yjt. ap® 
®®f^af6a®sws^t sticks attaaap®st as, ®aa isi®n> ®I®a a^tf 2®fit as 1 
sawl^a attis ass ®isitast® aa® ass al5"®ts ®ttf fsw ti®t® asi ftsss aiaftt® 1®^t®3jf%® 
fsaaatws a€t® wattat spit cstpat apnsa® ®ffes ®ttt ti®c® sis?® as 1 



S<Ur 


».Si 



Si. 8 ’tfiWD, ^*Mi<tlD 


Conductor, insulator and semiconductor 

wifi . SPJ5 c.-q»lc*ii ’tokdji TO tot UtolC'M SRI5 I ifl$ SRRt i<pli«(l frtl Ml *W1t$t 
>rotor ip w5 »»iM <**& *1(59 1 >!HR •wtf ’flu L*i*jWsi to ftot , sf^s «il«l »»its»i 

vtt- (s) 

’ifiN® (5) ^Rhl® (a) MHftsill I 

S. ^SW®: W W ’hll^fs W ffcu ^5 S515 5*1?5 "tlGt 'sll'mi* 'ttS-ltS 5W I ifl’TOJf 

’itos w to $c*nJh ^*«im s»iis«t ^sw *naii <im toss w to 'Wtfa tw^ri 5Rti 

’tlsMR'a 55 I 15 5SHt <fl®5 *WTt*pIf ^GM® I wn, s^ll, •qjI'jRl'iiiN ®ejlR *pt8fot® •wtf i 
CT ^HTt »W5l»rt4 5W5 UK 5H5M ^BI 55 1 

5. spifiNft : tt •witfe w to swt s*iro •nor *it ®w 'SMfitoi® 51 «rww ’wrt i 

s«u to^wriH H»*i «w wil'S’tfiN® *Hrfl OTR- illPW, aHst,^, 

^t5lSt5JlRl *TO% "*JWT ^ tPRflH •llW’fll Sl^^wStS •Rltfe wto *t5j» tFTCSrt 

zWlR'S 55® IBf I sis wi iPO'c %Ptl fatlM# n=Tl 'oHlihlSl *W!$ I i5 RPvfl^H <3f 51^1 

^J#R«I« JW.3W1S ■W'WW 5Ka=? wts 513*1 jilRrq* sitSta *M^5Bll«t#(w1 «HW I >fl nfji '(Mctfl 2wRw 
duitwci WWIWI8! S<hjRxp als imh -»B cat'll dlPts 1 swt ^lj« «JW I 
a. srf’lfiWtt: W 5WI v lI5<i5t ^WSt siWSrt WHlaHH ’IfiM® uHl 'stffiWS) 

‘iWhlRt. OT WW 'HHfof ^5i3M$ '5ft I PPH- »tli4Puil*i , PiPl<w ®®J|R I ^Rslsw «rlg<u RiPlcs 

^lisM® itos ■'Mil 515 I 





ii.e laatftsa apfcs 

Electromotive force and potential difference 
’1% 

c4itti arf^t aata aiaai ama waj '®f^ i ?‘t1%a ataraa 1 ca aan a"ai 'awvlcai aataa 
al^c? 'sf^aHftoo ^ll'wlS's •9st's «ITta 'Sltf’Sft tWI '®l$‘oh , P ’1% 'WK I taaa- Wla, (.walwfei 
t'snft i 'sfeswta siai«ft<p a%t^ ^•‘ii'wfi's aita isai csiaitaBa <iil"ia < p a%ta> 

fMi^oUw aita i caaiai ^ans aaisi^ aflaww a^Sla aw catai Staaa a^f 

a^t ’jSw «naw ft ft’n.w 'ithe's ca aftaw ^d, 'satSaa ta an ^d, 'stw ft 

Sstaa ^waa 5 a% aca i aft Q atawt^ a™}'! a^ vfSi«i ahc» W aftaM aro a™ijj aa, wiaca 
<9a^ atanw a*^ atfft ptfilta awt® arose afiftia ata — i apsisa Sttaa isf^ioia^ aftf, 



<aapap: ®f®awai a%a si w aPU JC^atta 5 csift (V)^itaai 

ftca attoi 

aftatfla <ft ait^sa ftsa afttaaa aaata aftaftta aaj ftd isfes aatft® aa i laa^ aii^a* ataiatai 
<;~i~ <j 4^ cad aaa R^itio ^nap*®a < ^c's d afaan a^a^ aa isid ft ^ fa^a ft®a 
atfaa aca i aftcaa ftta W ^Mca caa ca isffes a% aaaara ^d at attat « ista *t%t® 
aai 

af^a iat ftiasa afipaia af®a fi'®)'»i awtaw aa i atda aar ftd iiw^ ataia atHhe«* ata ca 
afaata a% fap^staa aa ata ataat*ft atat aida ^ att^a ft®a aftaa i 
^saft tajifta atffta iftft ft^a aar ftta dtaa aaa^a atata aiHi"«ISi's aw ca aftaia '®f^a*t% aar 
caatat aataa af^ta (caaa- ®ta « atcat) ^tP'sftis aa, ^ia aftaaft ft ^j5 f^a ft®a aftaj i q 
ataia *iHi«4«a atajfaiaifil'i 'sf^aa^a aftaia (fata, ft ^ ft^a ft®a aft^j acai 


Q 

ft®a ai^j iaat '5%waa s a%a si iaa^ iaftg i esrt (v) i ft^i ft®a aft^i 1 reft ata 
aft 1 ^»pa aal<a* 'aiaia aft% ft ^ l^i aaT ftta aalfa® aaia ^pta l 'olwsali aaj^icai 


: eortftSitaa aiaitai iaafl> sfttataa aj ait"*a ft®a aftai aftaia ^ai isft? wta 
i®!ij*w^a%£i isaia dialt ftta lftfa an ^Fiitai wan ewaa att^sa ftsa ai4^i aftata >s 


jfaia t>ai<M«ilH wrtJftBitaa aiit acai aaaa a( entaa ^ ait"®a ft®a aft^i v i iaaia alaaia^® 
'sf^wptf® luatftea afttaaa aitaa ^aat an i iaft caat® aita E iaa ala v isa aitaa ®ta a?i 

' tawvcaa 


itro anl4T<res|^ 

alalwi '5H1J *\“\ 4 : ’8T5RI ^j5 

Relationship between potential difference and electricity- Ohm’s law 

diaai wft caitat aftatfla aic"su ataj ftsa aftai atata aia to ftta shift's aa i d^sl^t 
!M[«a 'TO ft®5 ata *lfta©a att*S "ft dftaM ftsa aftaj 8K5W aat acaw aia S'®, aftatfl dat 
sta 'sf'NMW ®aa i ai^an '8’sr caiwi aftaift attaa aar ftta =wif4>® st^a aaiaarat daa daij? 
ziic."®* ftsa dfttaia atai ca a”# <h« ca ftata ftjjaPf's ^at sata w ’it 's’csri aita 


wwtat ftaa siwpi carcai aftaiSs w ftta ca slsa data ata at <it aftsiSs ^ sicaa ftsa afttaja 
saHatfsa I aaftatfta s®Ka aatta aft dftslata ^ dk^fl ftos ai4«pj ft^ja aat aa, sea aftslalfl 
aaj ftta aaifts sf^a aata ft*ft aca 1 ataia, aft aftatfla ^ ate*sa ftsa aftaj da-'j'lftw aat 
aa, sea aftatflawftta aaifts sf^aaatas da-^Staistacai 

ata aft, AB daft aftait) sta 1 da ^ aipasa ftsa aaiaea Va dat v a 1 ftai ii.si 1 aft Va > Vb 
as, staea aftatfla ^ ate*sa ftsa aftatata v= Va - Vb i 

v, / v, 

A B 

fSai. ».« 


(afttasMswis aftaiSawftes aaifts sfsaaaia/aca, e’taa^pnyiret, 


at 5ases ^ stastaiis £ dfiaiDa cats sea 





saftaasMceiaxsaaaiss aftaiSla aic*^>a ftsa aftsj v aat rsa salsa slssaata /anas 
aca caaftai awa aata dft ^afa^ttft daft ssaeast sta | fta : ii.s ] 1 



u.ff ftsa daft aaaaift easiest scat 1 /rsfifessissaft e rSspsiM catesa daft calata 
sttsa caicaastcaasjsasstacsii a’caa^a atsiasca as'iftes sf^sasta/arciststs. 



/tftna 



4PHWN >1.1 : afSr *ttf%W ftwIwS* Wftw 4 A«f^. Gift's CTI 

^roirtsi option ftw *irt^n2 v *«a ow 


i= I 

tR.L 


-3(1 4:3(1 


«f^JWW.,/ = 4A 

, P-12V 

aw ,*=? 


li.s aw I f^fs aw 

Resistance : constant and variable resistance 
wwat Srlft, S4R WH tOT^PHI S4R I Ic't’iH WKW "ifiWlfla ’TO 1<la 5*IBI 5W? SSI 
w^owwi'wro$!wiwwwtf W«bwi wi *«ot* 44 wwnw w -m "s^*. sbr flfjjs 55 1 
K3Wi®*^«itfiw>awwni «tw^nwt4wnwi*rt, 

ftflWwmaw.ow *“y 

giga ^ wwi Ww *r<Wi 

®lu«i 

•Ww, ftft* ’BMTOW CTtwt «i%rK» wpw flew itfw <m. lel^ncww 1 ■a mn it 
vshwijiia 4 '■ifiM®* aw i( 3 *iM wstw* 1 

anpwsiavsawawi <** 4 f ^w* «w*r (d) swt swt wt Jts 1 cwfiwt •ffiMhi die's* 
lVtewwtB’TOftarift iA’si|wtwwitwwwwli«ww lllwcsri 
abw 1 : flPW> wia?t awfiftt a Hfiki® '®w cticti w 4 ^tw wtoh w*i 41 wict aww wa 1 aww 
4J441C44 SNft* 6wli vfliw !Rlft» ®f5»t»s TIW Rs-a'1 Till w^lw WH|W a?w 
swwi ’W- 

>. fWa ■*ncw* aww 


>. Wt* wim aww: a awtw ana* wh ftfWt www faw wipw aww 4 
»nwatl3t* a >fw l*ra trFi aww www wu a*p>n » .a wtHoi a'UPirwt: 




fhl: >>.«. 



‘tflHf'K t*N+- *i®t 8 aim wit afc »w*t am <tk>m stats 

Tfa ikslwt ’•vplSfl "llwf" Tit SIS I dtCTHWfil'9^S®« ▼It'SSl 

wtwt eMlc* w sms ^iws «iftefc'is aunn$lff*i aw 

>S.^ fictfl •DWBrtftro ’WHPW a I "kkHli fitwCt wU Tit 
ataniM wii 
>».► «tt«ra frMl»r*t 

Dependence of resistance 
Wtft.WiWItf <Ciia33HI ^1<5 'are*lt (CTiR- Itt^t, snttapf, $*ttHH) StCTWi"? 

■tftst^saits^Bi'tfcTi 

cticti *tftst?)i ans ftcji rttft fans ** Ms m i 
>. •tfitstHi 

*lfiw?t# *PiWPW CTOT*! 
e. fc*n*H 4^ 

8. "iBitthl 'SfTOSt 

»W»ik8l Mt 8WWC81R ’l9>rt?ls SWTftptl JtS S*WW i^*<n <frSF.®»imFW S*H Ms 
mi amts <a$ WrfMt ^15 tu** aw <mi ois i 

ij.v- Ito <9r$ awsws ifw. iwt C’lfTH Tit tnflf T^di *ifiND ws P q ermt 
sara i p wm Mt Q ’■tost ®w «Pi wits m am aft i 

C g-^-?) 

i~ »* •:) a 

«* .j»* 

&tt^y.1^ n W 8B iwfi ff< <^l»ii w« «lBNfaa»<tm«CTim1^atm»iflWl)ianT«ii 



Sait 


RkL m Wt TO l > »tW»taPlt^yt»tltTI (11.1) 

>J* Sot ^ ?K<H apR dPdt tma sat &s§ #C sfiNft an mf snipi sibui s toh 



^S|: RPW> wHaMa Rfti Saialia* afiNUs Wj P4s aiv<.»i ’il*l'sl5s SW <« zWwro 

t.Tiiivi.'ia l 

afo R * ^ aaa 'BWUMI, sMlalH TOI jp «tTCa> (11-2) 

'smraai'^a§aif)aataatcBf^ena'5i'maiaaaHai%asaaiMj, w«w caisv*i aap 
wn t^f%g ali-nSla ana f^%g as i cw, 4^5 spacnwa isai ■jw!? wwwra yna 

'slow oncaa ©ia ttoyfewa 'sium caw caPt i 
ij.i alHfV*? aita >aat ’ilSala-'^ 

Resistivity and conductivity 

WW 'oHniaiis ftPR> Maicas aQaiUs T3jw '51a £ma)a aaia^tfc'® >sa«. d*n*.ws c^awtaa 

sjaoIthIi'o as i ■a®akem<Rt vp c$u? ai$. 



Wl R = P- A (11.3) 

.saita p ■naffii ip 5 ?, ala ala aRaiDsi 6 *)ihh w 'Siaatata ®aa i <at^ 'swaisna aRaials 

®aiaica* ana at aiw^ aw i 

(11.3) af)aawz,= l i^^Ryt=i <flW5w,p=ijaai 

^4ia wii'il Pif!f4 'smaiana iaw ?n^r « >aa^ swpacna caisoaRPii carcat afitaifja aflata* <5 
aww <sa fcatattaa 'stcaPia' ana aca i 

RfW> ■®taai3Ha carcat aSlatfla oita >sa {SSI's aa*fts (caaa la^i. swttaa S'ojlR) ®aa fts£9 aca i 
1^"? >aa «tTtaPfa ana ’jaata ^ fcuntraa $aa i 
antafra aifcaa araa: (11.3)aflaaiaiaalftfoi <aataia, 

P = *| (H.4) 

aJl-asda wMida siR^t"iis {w ")Pk. 9 «ii(.aPr<i> onaa p — iSBi .naa nwatais, — =flm 






20 °c wmara aata anwPFa* etta i.6xio 8 n m i wtw 20 °c ^maia im <s im 2 
!WW<Fii pnw*iRW> aata isrtaa caw aca 1.6X10" 8 C2 1 ®w atria ataftw awiaa aairfa 
«ilt’1pp<ii caW PWttWt ?w« 1 



Saraa ■’Ti?rf«t cata* wwat pwk® ai$, pi aaw *wit&t wtwf^w caw aw wtwi ®wr ^RaWa* 
%aca aw a® 1 caaa, 'stat afcaicas ^jaaia isf^a ’f’lfiaif) 1 4 a*taw$ a^%® ’row 
'513 facaca <51313 aiwas amla sw« 1 

■sa)®! pi waw aarc^a wiwfww caitaa aw ^wi^aawtca caPt 'stwa® agfta aiaaia aero 1 ®hwm 
fcwca atefla ®isia awife aai aw 1 wtcaacaa wtcaftw caia a?R www ®t 3 ia 'spwia wwa* caPi 1 
®w atiwftw canwa awt? atfSiwia ®traa war ffira aaift® aw 35a ®w feafl-j as 1 Hi?o$iwa 
•a arta ■fiac't? ta^Aa* caTOc^ aifS *£35® aaa aa 1 wtaat <il^c® ca wwataijiffewata aiaaia a# 
®iwa fi>»ii(.‘r 5 1 >rcp$a alar t®Pt aa 1 laup^wa «iiwPp«p aw « 5 Pwic®?a wlaaa isffi Za^ifea 5 
•ifew ^a aacar 'aiwwal^w ^“iwila® aac® atcai 

catcaa laaft® aiPt awi alaaifasi , c®afa wtwftw caicaa taaSt® aiPiw afaataawj aw 1 afiaia^w 
a wwa aiat swh awi aa 1 31a aw aRaiCls Saww « ®wataia ®aa ft€a^t*i 1 
aw a®, ar^fS aftaitta ®awiwa wiwfaw caw p 


prca^p -<aa ‘aaw fl m, ^saKa-'aa aiawawt (fi m )' 1 1 
atPlfewfcalaaW ii.s 1 ifwffitaijjfea'mtraaiaj'swi^OTa'stcaa'wwftwcaw ioox 
15 m WWI 15332.0 X 10' 7 m 2 3WCW.W3 WiflwRPlS ®rcaa caw aw aw ? 
aatwaf wifw. 



10 *fiml 




Series and parallel circuits and their uses 




ct ^ tas S iw^mi wra •*( wmi 'ttw istw dPl n.io fast wto E, ^f6 

B i, B2 Wit ’’ilSitit df 8 ) WH TOt wi« I OT^ >fl$ ■q'f^k'e <£Wfl> 'SJ13r *W TOTC^, ^1$ <iRJ 

srs? SRR u»IW I <W ilft <S^f6 ’mIR'GIsm 1 A, B, C I^we <nwM OTSUT 'elwrs 
SWIMS wS»lM tenT^IWI 

ftra <ill^t'e fifeg oi^kis «ilt"ilwwil« CT C?fl> <Sfl> ^5Bt Wt 'W CBf'fa'ifflW 
wsss 1 «trast?#*tfa 5 xr-wfir-F '<jfst&w y facts w esitSei ^tks «ttfa= 1 (sI^swk 
’felds «mj oulffSlsM* rflca 

(71 <ri5lt® 5’4'wl’Jc'il swales ^MWl S ICT OT ^cswlts ■W dho^wl xw® ^Wbt't Rtjc® 
XW ^’IsBlI'wjOTl 'XU xpifi; 5fltfW Rtioo 5f^S oftc^ «M »|C7> XxHosih <raSl sc*! 1 IJ.il fast 
Si fl i >2 |(H XTOITO a XFR Wit SP<5 b Rtc® «tRs|5t <fl*p*TT '£Wfl> ^sHWM 
#MI^bii -ri^lci swifts »w siffijt aiw *w to 'ife^JKts. t>w i 




•lift ala* a^a PtllJ SWF5/I >9? SWW a (Dili's lata n^It Ra® =(« I dalias aw 1 ® WSt/j WI5 

asw^Site awtwt^wtyi.fc’ntift'Nrawifetei b R'tc® acral's tp?ra / 

!RW s lNa ! ai P, Q wat./tf^'P'S ’ajlfatlMis alajiaj wfiwsWnt’IISsM awa PWTata, 

I = h+h 

aNtia a'iSla 'slaarfak / 

atfW, ’WP^fTW <'i?l(.'* !TC®W ■'laboah WNB! dalR» W'5"3| '®f§k sWW^raa PH*W*t ^%t 
^Pral all'll® at »iftpi PI W^l ta^iR® 'S’I«WH CT^H- Wife, VlH aWklS ^9 <S»[pit sP) piN 

*n?t*M W 1 W *W1"4*W81M 59 1 > 1 »ll«MHeiM SKitPfe Wl awj^fD fc'WS'l awl C*ll-S^ 

»is«wW ’tm i S-4 w1>lt*il flaw sW a>a i 

li.i> ^*DCI1*f JT^. S'i'ik'e 'yuwla tsrfu 

Equivalent resistance and determination of equivalent resistance in 
circuit 

WW4 ■’ra 9Rg araww iippiR’? awi# 'jwtat <wm w att i dwifN aww ai^tar *kpin 
<« iics>4 awa af^rM to i 

'UUuHii awts wtat wffjwfii ’iBsc'i pi awS snsj aw amia a^%i aawtirai w 9®a 

i!<t« c^iwi «i9^h as at, "W at afsjMMa 'jvj aw «it*i i 

atPBt af-icsi satis kF5 'WICsT, Wtt- id9 al-jia*1 « •>i*il’»sH ■'il^prl I 

atw*ai9wf|a»t 

at*w.R ( , r 2 awt r 3 taR^'qsiw wtt? i aW’pit atfaro *mw=nffisrejt 

w*sit %hi« i inwwi acupfl? aMa swi 9w <s^$ mwa 'sf^a sww / sialRe acw i ewa sflaat aft 
^ RhIT; aiPw^fuawWa awai i 


M— V, » « V, »d- Vj-H 



IN = ».i* 


u’twi^irrtwwwai wtft, 

Ri aiwa ^ ait"4i fasa *itfo), v^-Ht^ 
r 2 atwa ^ ait««i 9®a affe, v 2 =m 1 

Rj atpw ait'wa R®<i ai^i, v i =lR s 
*w*|i*il atwa ^5 aiasa 9®a *n^j w^w aip^a *1^1 Vfin 



=IR l +IR 1 +IR 3 

= 7ft +«,+*,) (11.5) 

R/, R 2 e R i tow aw KhR>w R, tow >siw iswl? aw Wi al%WT'B wi a, <flE® 

<fi51w i9^sww/5w iro.aWtC’ils'sjlsitassRs^’ii^j V TllsHl'i'o «nw whin R, % 5a 
'?fu aw 1 

ipnatwacwrai V=1R, (11.6) 

■’iftaw 'ij»wt ^a 

m, =I(R 1 +R 2 +R i ) 

R^H+Rt+R, 

I4^f5 ataa *#<tC'S n ■’R?rw aw caft 'tijjac'f^s 'W, 'sT5W'$*n aw R s 
R s =R t +R 1 + R 1 +...+ R, 

W^K C8ft ■>ilsj Mil aW*|Mtt '4'liiskWS ?IW ^ w*t RRj( atas ^Iw* wMwn 

WTO! cert®! w1?|MC*t 'flfUWTCWW TO WWW «IWW1 3!S5W>f6 aTa?T TOW era ■*? I 

w’rowwwfUat: ^s^wpit aw Tift u<«i*f6M ’wjs wai ^sr a, aiaa iwiho iswft wwi?w 
i!wiw , si apsiwi toj ^wft wwuw B-vs w^ «hct toi awj^ffi aiaa ^ sna® 
>8^$ faro affaj tori «tw, ®a aw>i i {.*M ^ wljjartw w 13 «h w"iTR?r 1 



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aias i£ws Rsw at^j v w«w wtai 'aKia tow Rfe^'sts toj ®tas swim* to Ra whm 
tow a-iift® 1 -tor® sww /, a -wiattfc'p® to*. 

Ipsw b R^t.'s law Rfa® 55 1 *fst to, Ri, r 2 toi Rj alas to fta swiRj® swias to 

l\, I2 <lWa. Ij I ^®5W. 'I*(l"!>ah *WHjWW SWW I], I 2 TOl I3 nhM WTOW R^ A - t *W 

SWR/iiW^WWl 


:.I=I,+Ii+I 3 

<imui. awj^ft ata® tj$ atasa f^sw FXsurcrs'aa^aiacsM a>« '=>ii*iai 'll?. 


(11.7) 




'■ ’ '* Hr * 


=n rtv (11 - 8) 

Rj, Ri's Rj siiWii aw aft R P atwa <ssr iiwflf aw tot aft^ww w as a, ist<® 
i£w$ sww /ect isro. aw^wra ^ aiwsa ft®? aifor v waSaRfo ata*. ^ww r p $ 5 a ill 
■'iIsiMi’is '??n aw 1 

•■ /= i (1L9) 

(11.8) e (11. 9) *lSI’Hi«l'5»Rt contest a», 

L. =k ( -L + ± + -L) 

R p \ R, R,’ 

GflWiJ v lQ<5C^ ^ n C£1*J ' 5 RI H $?n 5 I *ifjijwc*l ^ **fTC^, '©Kc g i 'yuwW Rp f*i"PiRfa 
, 5ic^ sppt*t I 

— =—+—+—+...+— (11.10) 

Rp R> R, «, R n 

'spfk ’WF'SsIW 'ilflc.ad ac®7^fi) att*RI ft’tiSl'o ?fl1 3 RT 3 W® afiKaliHr ft'llt'S 1111% 3 WH I 

'Jpfi^few >i.fe :5Q >*Wa 10 Q. alFW ^5t5 aw WWIWIM CHft « »Wl«4s!H alsjMPf 
■mw S»si cwus 'jar gram 'aw ft% <m i 
aWStWlft, 


R S =R.+ 


= sn + ion 


smai<t.fl;=5n 
ftitaaw./^ion 
Gift a«wlui aW, Rs 


R P = 333Sl 

%-.Rs= 15n •o^R P = 333a 



Electric power 

3«R £3IF7I 't®31§3 ^ 0K*® ®®3 31437 SK3W 331 53, ®<sR >S 3®3lflt® ®®«S3K33 ^®J '53 1 >93 
WI 31W 3"ls( 53 <335. $£33S*ojt«ll 1% <3^3 3£3 1 <3$ ®f%5 l ‘1% 3'®%I !PJ® 5^3t?t 3313 

*t%£® £333- ®13, ^OT, <ill"i93*li« $<sj|Rc<e 5P5 31C9 I 



®®:>5.>8 


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■^R3 <919R 841®® 53, 5<R ^® •‘plows ’IQ3H 53 '$31 37®® 3j%3 ’•lIsRM 53 1 9j?l I ^®3t5 ’iBslDs 
947®£3 Q ^51*4 <9T4R 9®4I®® 5P1 f® 335 VQ^U 
•Cpssk, 31®® *lf^ ®3t 53R®®® £316 *l®3 < 1®3t e l 



3T, Q = lt 

:. W = Vlt (11.11) 

8 793 ^<9 373513 313 3 9"l4£3 f*ttiJ7®'SIC4® 3333 33t 313 1 

W = Vh=I 2 Rt^^t V (11.12) 

®f$4®9®1 

33331 3lf^ <8 3R3333R13 £3 333 ?9<Jl1%3 3RI3lf% 373513 3® ®I£33 SE®73®3 3I£3 ®t4139® 

owlO'PCW <9® 513 ®f <935 <93 ®1<6«, 39®l 83® £331 41£3 1 31331 Wl® 313 3 HI 3019 513 ®3I 
“if® ^ll"soss 51313 39®l 3C3 1 3®sl5, £31 £4 I 63^7^3 9£"3t 'el'j'O-lfo 337137 *l1ic<® ^3f®®® 53, 
®® 5P1T <9 «i£"<9S '39'sl P I 



.-. P = — (11.13) 

3f333 (11.11) £313 7f r -<939H3®[£S 3$, 

P=VI (11.14) 

8T33^araC3M3£3 P T&V, I <935 R -<93 4I3MJ f3t»l<s»l09 3333 331 313- 

P = VI = I 2 R=y (11.15) 

<9l93t®1® 39®13 <933 53 8316 (W) I ®f®<5 3% ®3t£43 333 914134® 837C63 8®4!7s kW, MW 
t®71® 313513 331 53 I lkW = 10 3 W <935 1MW = 10 6 W I 

<51337 3l3l3ll&£® £3 3^7 69<JI®3 4"<9'1ll® 373513 3® ®13 3747 3133169 ®9®f §013 331 5Wt I 
t3^®3 311733 ^F9®t 40, 60, 100 W 5£3 9TC3 1 ?3^®3 31313 <53®! 313133® 65-75 W 53 1 



*wrfR*w 


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a-'tsaif's <j«w at ®?rt ^tcat i 
’ofysHli <ut«*l IViW 

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'if® amis ®d ci|!H idttoj® Slice's ‘Sl'ffi ts^it®® fttlil HIC® ?It sll®t® Ola'S 'sf^a *lf®3 f^»il< ?IIW I 
fatalist '®f$a aiiaala Ml'S&W ftpite?lfS-^5t (kWh) 4®®C® ajfil'S | sf^«?‘|f®g afiialM ®CS i 
® 1 B?lT f®pif8?n6-?HSt ia<p®c® cati ®a cSfs at aaww $SftE apt aif® i £a’ 3 jf%® RElts >|$ 
^mcas f?l%a-ai?l *t!lf®T PIC® i ^lacss sis?;® '©f^a-'lfia al'aalal?! I 
_ ®®®ra Shl-wU® «t% _ w 

aBH^iHl f- * « a — , P=~ 


aftP=l kW<aau=lhast, 'B»R W=l kW x lh=l kWh **l 

®4ia ai® ftpite?rf5 , ®vnsw“ijj c®icai isf®^ a”® iff® a^Sl *re*i ®w ®?ica pi * 

•I fit's ^arei ®ca at am ®pi ®ic® <ff® foptt'saft-a'ft at iff® ?6Rt aca 

[ftwmilfcWh C®^jPltl®H®>l I 

1 kWh = 3.6 x 10 6 J 

■f»t'slt® 'euTct? fllwwlteffllTOI, ally's W''-C®PN1a1 

W = Pt Wh 

iffC® lOOOfel^fflaBIC 5 ! sjlsi® 1% kWh >S tTe?ItatCai 



«tlRfi® iWasa : 'ff®fi>atcfaatc?i 100 w-220 vftatamsi Rwiwtajd aw ®® ? taa 
aatfac?i aRaia tsfiga aalii's aca ? 

®ta?it^ift, 

fl«a'lrf®I, V = 220 V 
®^5f,/>=100W 
era, r = ? 







otoa, p=n 



100W 

220V 


= 0.455 A 

§: 484 £2 441 0.455 A 

55.50 'sfyl'os Pll^R *PT £41® £■#«. 

System loss and load sheding 

ONsI Olft, 34334 *5114 OaftlO ftps 3W414 Sf^C'llw ftps 4% §S3lf*i® 44 I §S3il <3$ 

R*PS30 a(.»|ei« o-jallil ftftg 53134 43344 <m« 45 1 fftjS WR 4J45314 50*014 §S3tft ftps 
*f%30 ftps CT*0 3330 ft%g **3134 O4fto ftps 4143*5334 *3MF*s4 04T 45 I <3434 ft%3 4143*534 
3330 ’JHdlS ftpsft®43 4344414 41*033 ftps *li&30 3144* 4*fot ft®43 4*50 44 I 
ftps 34*C5 ftps “1% ft? eoleww §S’’H44 041 44 1 434 at 30133^(30 3*§4 '401 JhoSikas 414134T 
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30t!?54f30^P40CTft355444 0413413430 *1tCT I 
CTlO 3l1§S 

atojol? RpSCO^J <SOl5Pll*ft 4^414 ftpsflf^ §44144 OCT I 44*1041 ftps COS 3330 §S3lf4® ftps 
adols ft® 341*1 44 I ftf§g <341014 4tf441 Opllft ftps §43053 wlold ft 3330 ftps 4014 OCT I 
434§f3® ftps §43055 3150 4*fi35 3 ftpStO eft? 3*55 41 fto44 OCT I 34*1341 ftft® <441013 ftp3®3 
dRtI §44144 41 44441344 ®[4413 34ft 4CT 044 ftps §4303f!53 430 4lftfl 34§I34t 404 434 §3& 41 ! 
044 41*0 434 §4300 o^ao Ros"! 4J4W14 RIM ft^ 341014 44344 04] ftps ft034 4*4 034 

344 41 ftps 433414 ftftg OCT I <330 341® 34f®S 434 1 Ot4t4 §43055 434 33410%! ®lft*ft 0*34l?t 
444414 314 034 *p4l4 <$ 341014 ftps 444414 034 I 

4ft 341® 3*tf§S 30 41313? 0340 4ft oflft 44 034 3140 3^134 341®3*lfttO 44ftl 0430 0^30 
®a*tOICTftf®S <3414*t4 341® 33f®SOCT 3130 1 



Safe and effective use of electricity 

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■’ilalcas CSTO '=ici<p ®*WIES TOT <ss tos^ SJSTO fVlwccv SC'S *1tCS I Za'iiRw 

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tel SHIM* TOI JULIUS ’('JTSS scs« l 'ifeWl&l <WW Rijaffiis I'M!) TOW R'WrW 


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TOSWS fetWS TOW: TOI TOTSttesICS CSpt *tfSSP1 L 

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ft^ta ssastens ca^a ^s s**f mac® aca i 

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fagjftm acma at®ca t 


(L) 

(N) 


fSat : ii.ife: a^esa aftm areata 




fta ji.SRt^csa^tawaw 




«. '®1S: wi ft fats ®R7 ww ^[tfS f teas 

•wifi* I sflEft ^C*lt wh"® (L) « ^weBt 5BIWCT '"1% ’Bran? 

fort Rsif 1 * flu™ bwiw ^1%«astf fefPt firat «flpt >*w.f'£%f^f5ai fistic wium 

^tFlPt m Wit Rj|«IC«m '5R i i# frijj&f >hwIpm WVIWIi (Casing) 

ftw «nw i "»h)w f^t mft^« «twcs *kbi i cw- fft wfls"® ®ta fflfstw ffsjf ft 
«IW stsi'stfft Jfjjlibf nc*^ «tMs lii^wlw ’■rt fcs 'sea amfetflsil *14 slat »il9l"s fee 

•Hof i sisss i>lfflft ^^<fs ff3«lfli "ilsun iSfftS ffeis fti «i»m #s>ss '®la csltf 5®>ikis 
^s!S«sf!R»ii®^'Bt^t?fs^«prM'sfiite»ilf6M'SOT'Blwi wi ttss stcs ^ '*f'&<wiC'"ifl< 
1^, ->w<wkf*l wi <iiw i straw <usj,« &(.«« PtsMs <u<i«Jcs*i mi ffrcpiffl ft fifth, weft 
fcto li.iV to ^KPIt*t '95lf s fl Olftf OttIM PWf-tf fl® »tra ST>5M If fJTOI 

ii.ii tot ^WtPtwta flwlw Pis’letJjnsi f«4ral (rocs flwfCS «t cfflCTfSBUS I 


*4J. 


Rfcw fits (N) 

IftS ll.ibr: eflPUPlPlf 



at W5te f Iff M ftHWW f *ifl*llR>M § f*R Sl*l <WM fitt 35 1 'S’p'lira PmM'eHff 

Rems W>«? m%« fw i Rpfiwft s-ialttsi R*Ms aiw i 




waif^S’tartt'st^a^awttsHiR wm i 

topll: f*WI%r aPfl Eilat's <u<«ls ®'U«)I^I 'sf&s, q^s SWA gcRH a*a uw fll%s| WS!?t Jlft ®kPT 3 
amis <wk.® 'flaw l 

i. •q’kws ^gc®^ t^!»^ <P)t<ic.»is wl<r's (L)t*W. Ps<. v H‘ (JV) wta wi a 81 I 

taaia ia *jift akiw giR fifSet aw , £<'t)f'sa fsnfta isw. (SPSWBla atwa ac®1 *ia , ta jrctm 
WWI 

is. ISPiSRSla atW pj$a ^5 wwa a 8 I l 

8. R>P3iR5'ta atw ftSw qiwq wa 1 R*S<»^c.'ikq‘ ®nroS L TOa a«caM ftp® aca l 
<t. iaaia taafii RpScers ar®l 1*11 arfe , ■aafft tfjh aal'*©sl°relca a^caffl fata av£ 3 f *s< i 
3 Mja alPi to <P)lcas ®RT L'Stta «IWIal ^$5 '=<'»•> asa I 
to. way ffpSwfe qjq^la aka wPilw-H taif , aPw awjlfts way 'athhl wlalal aisala aa/iia 

ft«W 

wj^aaftawasa £BW « awac'l aio'eaw! jjR<s wai Wl^ta qwi i 
>. OTWH «CW CTPfc H twfte Waj C*IPfcla CTOI ’WS WB I 

fifeg BOBB a»IB qiqqM ata 'irf^k lf%a WISH all to ’WIWW ^ #t aja**T 

jiw aat tfSawt cipStcb Itet i 

o. Ptww war Mb aataa 4aa ^parcaa aia*tt aaiaa i 


'SP 3 ^t 


w.ajjfteWajt 

a6a £«o»s ’iit.H ft!«»> (V)fi?wie 

>i ca wvi *ra^a aaj ftts ■'ww? 'sf^aaaiaaac® area 'ska«<.q>^at i i? 
(a) wafs<il?l (a) <£Hlssla) 






41 2Q,3fis4fi siwa Rnfi! caw caft asaicss atasca ^?ir carcaa aw aca- 

W 8 n («t) 7 fi 

W)9n (a) 20 n 

« i cticti afilarDs aiws fawa loo v aata arat io Aaw ast taw w ? 
w iooo n wio.in 

(«l)lon (sicasRffitas 

8 1 a^cw ta'jjfta* wa^tr afitoic’ia swr siaais awt as - 
i. OTtasfaSla 

iii. cbwicsBs 

ca>wn> af&a 

Wi«ii WO i « iii 

(*l) iiw iii C*t) i, ii a iii 

<t. 3!| 

11 iiwf5 Ea^'a l©tca oajw wtusw wicaa a awcwcaa cwi«w saiasca 30 m W2xl0' 7 m 2 1 
iltw’lcas 'Wc’lFW CSW 100 x 10 8 Q m I flacs‘l*< 'eladica* tacais ajaaspawws 
c<nw ftpps wiaia wia star afewtaa awt acat 1 wtaia 'sicaa alcanas aw 1.7x10 s J2 m 1 
(as) caiaastcasaw? 

(W) JaijRsa* Ruiw <iiac*w wia aiaaia wt aa c^a ? 

(3) ajax's wlata wlum Gita f^is W I 
(a) sswia S5ia aiaatiaa caH®as®t lacaaa aw 1 

a 1 awia ass alafe 220V-100 W <sa <wfij aif& £*iRa> 3 a^Sl asta aajfaw wta wit alfaf 220V 
-40W wasffi cCRa ail "I Iafia> 4 a^St asca amis asta I a% aWE R^tsafe ^ar 3.5 Blast I 
a>. e’caa^aft'PW i 

a. ftf^wwssan.sS'wwaawc^c'walaiacssafrTaftf ’P’agssaCTSfcaa'^aBasfeisica'siwitwai 
a. allows aifea asiaaratft^s asa i 



5! SRI? S>IC4 SCT? 

5! sslws aslMS 35lPS fsas >9Sl ^c.*1'b5h a«SlcA< fSS* MHlE ? 
a I Sfi5l?l, «MBslfl tSSS^t^aQslH 
81 's’tss^^sfSftjaapai 
el OTSWC5, V=1R\ 

4,1 ia^R> as* sasra /ssts v OTsffSa ®m*h <pa 1 

•> 1 ^ictPf^ CSTCSS S®st sm I 

v 1 casts cs, caf«t ssstts s«3^ caisajesta 'sarateas sw sssicss «p®^® Rfo^ catcss sicas csffl 


& 1 ■ft <ftsc c t 'elasaft amis sc® arcs ? 

io 1 srcss csa sittSs RHiwma 2.5 a affes astft® 5a i PNwtwi apsatss fsss stfias 12 v 

apt <sacatss>®? 

5b 1 Tpv c^icss '4 ISh>ws> *if^ 1 .5 V 1 0.5 c «twrw s^ apes «ihm castesa sjfila 
a%a sSsts ss 1 
55i ftB lassaftsSf sis sacs* sw? 


> i afiifciss' a% isss Isas at^ss sac® Resist? 



MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT 



cfri’w a®w m sfBH i ^ sfoisw ^tw »nto new 

Ji'j'iiRi £®fil ^at w«n i <«$ '("iipitf'i went ■»mWM ^mw, #Rpt «imo 

^sn? ^it.n't < 4 w Rt*cn, ■qiNic™ ■«*«. 1 ^wjira wprti ^ 51(^57^. 

<(1OT1, « **|R4 wf^wto'O ^%, 'sl^prfSa, Jfjl»nfSi« 

« <J)«W to '"llWIMI «4 I] 


> 1 srffe. dangg at fat ^m t <w w «isw 1 

* I W 1 %' 505 t , ^4 ^INTT^BI® < 1 BR I 

01 ^iRS '4^<a-!K « ^iRp® 'ofybw^ 1ft <uNji irw i 
8 I bSso twlwtois ^JWt «(.* •turn 
1 1 ^wr^aw itw 1 

fel 0 i< 5H ’slS-i Jh^Cluis nHtiJ-ilft ^IHtJt <mw 1BR I 

1 1 'OlBIC'M fal=t 'efi&Wfl 'tW^'W 41-Wfl « iSS «WtlHW iWWI «W *IBt^ I 



Magnetic effect of current 

'acsuc-'Sus 'oI4c»« col ~qT fen St dols seas l 


faliS.S 

^5 TO S 5 ® SS1S SITOt SSB SltS WIW s>~il-'i *tlblfT> nsfac-s TO S1W I ^1®^RK5S fa^ 

’’llJs'i-i wi **»ils 3ffi# t*&T fat* to TO i is* cSt* cstsit sis *5%s9sts i"?*i*i!*hi ®Ss iasfa 
TOIS^f® TO I sfatS Siffes jHIcss lip?# C0l'S4felt«l1SSI 

SilTOt : iip?# *1® TOCT issfa SfelS) sta tfac* ist SMS4. >5*# S*ifa Wst TO l ^sPt^tBrf&l 
TOI SIM islflrti M*'1IC*I fa^CTKJS fljjt Sl'SHJ ''fa I <il<Wl *<i3) SSI Sfil*l?l fats sfes 
SITOtTO liKtl® <pl*l« TOjJffatS Silt"® tiJl4l fats St* I 
OTtT Sit* CSlSlS flsuwl fel ® TOt facelift* '*ltf%tC*l CTO I 
CS GISIS (WISH facettS* ■Ufai'S TOt Sit* TOISI Tf’** STOSt 

sfai ^5 sr.s%s asts <its biiiiro coN* ael* crot TOt col*s* war 
Z>6fa TO i 
J*.* fafaRZflw 
Solenoid 

$TO *fas ®tafljc<p t'lfot.it TOW St SJSifit Z'sfii TOI TOISt toH^ 

CTOIt* Sfa^S SSIt® Slfa (f^5 >*.0 CW) I CHICHI *1 S!*fat ^l*IWl 
'SlafatS'sfasasK'EITOt TOI *CS wfaTOS "S’** STOSt ^ts3l* CTO3 
s^lsfs TOI C5tWTOP3# CSSt® TOSSfet ifS (jNC-M CTOIS 111®! 

TOI iSraTOt ^JS%* TO S5 sfisw# I TO faTO Sfa TOIST WICTT 
C*ll%bl TO St CT151S CTOW Tjwft '®ITO CStSBI TO St CTO*ft i**i(.f 
SBTOTOI 3*1* TOt TOI fats P1KJS TO# St CTOSfa TO tJ^TO 

SITOSStl dslcs* fa*> M51w TO TO, 4.“'!t«ps CS^ R’iSI'o TO SICS I 
*WlM (SUM TO# St CTO^fa CS i'SCS SfaTO TOI Wit* TO TO 'ili%'*i, 4 SS> I 



fa*>*.a 


faWTO : Slew farats TOt TO TO# S^ft Z'ofa TO I ^lBBt 
fats I**# TOIWCT TOlSIM Sts CSS liBT^fSt Sto-sPTO "^t 
TO Sit* I TOBIAS TO TO I TOI13 sSfSffi?l sUtSf 



Electromagnet 

sfaTOtTO faro CStTOCTtSlSTOStCTOSWI^ItSsfaTOt'SsfatTO 
CS CStTOstTO TOt* TO CTO CSfa Sfelfat CSHTOTO Zsfa TO TOI 



fa* i*.« (S) 



•iftHMito ww oR cti’awha atsBi bib i aaw baw^la afi> oa *i%*n% i^ho aR*ra 55 1 

40 BBI 55 vstl^BljVW I <B$ fc.'BOd ana®! R{J|fS®!C<l tt|Ma apical BlB- 

— iBfeB SRI? Blt^O 

— ■'iPmuii'bB BIOS BWt Bll^ia 

— traftf U 'si’mis ■srosT 3iR>w yp on «n?w bh^bmR ao 1 

Rf®3 3BTCBB BO B1 aPhiaolMi BIOS B<SJt BlfclO aRam® B1B1 ^•aa'lR® B® BI CBOB® ^ 

aRaia «naRa at caaia «iHrfa 4 bw ato ast owlets Rpwob awn Ro aSiWi a>o obi 
a®i 2®R, otrj at t’Btoa ®R! RtRa Siiawi b^bt at aiaBtai aatots oh foRi.® 
'all'^'o^'BB <u«wls B>Bt BS 1 CBIOS R®a OIBt at 5'Hli'ss ($gt 4 a>cn ®I OB ^BIB BtO as5 ^<p 
BlBBIaBaaB 4Bl^t dJPlWlWB tBtsRa « BflWB '®l%'5lbl*BB BSIalB '4ll^'S|^*0 B)B4IS BBIt BB I 
IB. 8 'ell^'scbl^^^twt 

Electromagnetic induction 

R<*|31 «uist.®M>s ®(5x.®s CBWas felt alR^liiMl '°tB apO R«l?l ®®1 <ps<.® BtOH o£l •a<pi-»i!l 
wo* , s1$ < t aaia i^f® b*bt ■>ns Rat 1 4$ Ro atat ^bRob 'stpta boj ?tajic® afton vjiatt® , 

«tlwR^la OflWB OaR W Blftlllw 4$5.4B.i?.08| Ra«M? ^BB> 'JOBIM BlIOTt "It® ^BR I R*"? 
ItrtSl BIO ai?W*1 BalSttS ®tB afttalTa BBta®! SNB SPPM B*OB I RiR OStB CB, 4B® 
l£l“W’N4| '®t$n>l»i<Hl& ^f® BBIPs BIO Bt 4Bffi BUBO Bi£R Ro 4B® ®||R® '5%«aatB tihli® 
BtO I BRa'iaRa tbl *BB»OWia BtSt Oltal B'5%® at 'Bt^'S SatB ^f®B 4$ aUalW 

®l(^>®c&l*aa i ^TOB BO I ®lf®®Cbl # B < P BlOB alR^CSS BRT BTIBtt® ^3^ V WI’J?I BkBRoa ! 
BShFItU?!! celnnl'S ^BPB «ltB I 
*t31Vl-> : Ott^B '9B ! f5 CMCBB BttB brbSI' 5 iJIB 

^ 1 121 $ sbIcbs owia brj ioa atp’sa 

BTPI iSIB 5 ® ’llWoltllRUls BjS ^B I Btpffl OT8BIB 'BIOB SltT^B 
'UIBB*! to W» 50 IBlBB i!W® IjMJO'B vff^Rt CB^W 3® 

C5TC8B 1%®B ^^lOI ft bBw? fttB SRT5 5BOI 

BJWBIWlPltltBB ®ftlS RW'I B®tBI iflBIB SHBfi) OB TOI BT8 I 'fi 
Bto? 'Cbb am BBitoia Hsm ’OWskiifiBios ®il>ia Rma o Ro 5 Rt«Ra ^■b-pc* ob ^bioib 
hsb fi«l tuiK ®Ib RaJI® ftw I 5 BbI5w Rta art ibbIb bR BjMaiwlBl'BIfl’H 
t'BO'B faos a® CBOBt BB 'BtBPTS ailBWlWlRUlO Rt^B OBI BIO I J’BB OO* 

bRo Rw Rwa RaS® Ro 1 obi bio i 

a31^l-^ : <iR aShm brt ^'®H® ®ibtb ®tob Rpb bo i a"®R ®f«n>H«p 

af%a &050 >a^R bjRiR, ibb'R aRB'^a^ta oib « ab® dial biR bbio bo (Rib iB.ff i >s 

ipflc® ^fl BBI BB I '5’IT 'B%a aBtB bWIO 'BBB 8BIB 'BR® B5 I B| 

aimoiRRia ^bo ^Rb> Rwa oai bib i 40 c®a bbi bb i (Ra : a) i 

l BIBlB®%BaBRBO ^BIB BBB<3 Bjlaolwlpiblw RctB OBI BIO I ISO iBBIB RfFB RaS® Ro 5 BB I 



Rib : 1^.8 



vlfW tfTO a vlfM> wirfw ftwa irfvr 

Induced current and Induced voltage 

aSRvt ^IJS fltV <UnoiMtMKM fttva atfflto* *fta tHItW Vft»^ «HW VG1I vCRflt croat to 

at»% vita vtuat aft taaett ^wvcv atjtslfl vft at vW ftaat wft at enttat ftv5 cvtcd 

vw ^fcfllwvHT w® «i<n*i aw ^sfliw aftasaw fcaag w i >aw vil^tfHv^tvt acai 
cvtcat aftaeffi ate at a^ta fta$ tatat aw vvft vtnt casst wsfte art* aa^tta eftvsata fcvtg 
aa i 'fltve aiftatft’aw aicai aft i JfWK ataat vw at® ca. <rtS aft^in tc*av at aftaattf 
a#ta tpaj at aftvwwa •fla'icaa >wni vat 4aft awa aifltr* atwilfi csiutw « afta aata 
•aag aaaw avfeta aifte(£l«ev vltw act i at cattftwcw atft* cawttw iaat sataev aiRt 
aftwwafti 

a» caft att fttvias •tftatao aa ^ftt aw i ^aatt vtt ant, i^aa « aaia^t utcafta aft 
awt ait* alft* aft-t slatw aava a* i pataw ft* aftatfa wi alft* afta qattot ftvs 
aftaftaaji atft* wMiw at aftasaw Ptyjiwotca^ftt a*t atx- 

• aftart t^av aww va 

• a^taev at awgp^ttv tft> *oat caaat va 

• aw^laatwawT'^tatai 

al^a satff viu« ®a« ^-atv* acta 

Effect of magnet on s current currying wire 
vtaat wlft a, aftteill aw ftww avft aSHvtvcia vta i 
a%at% ftaJla ta^ataa xctj t^j oit^awi wataftaaffi 
aras at^vcvcasafirfta'siftftatart i 
«www ftva A ftat dftftat tataroa otatw araa canatfttwt 
wftvtawaawanrattaaicaataawi four aa ant «vftaftat* 

Ewca* atras ataj avis aft«w® awta ata i A arara aaj ft»:>*.fc!ftgwtt**W^*wi 
fttswftasatftnvai caata Jtfl>«aa*fttvatftta«ita am via caw am ta, watt anas »■■ 
atwaacai 'tt^wr ewar cate <cat 



^ qfit S^ : (W wt wwe wtoi t,wtw PHrow miw^l waNUtrt iKi* ’flu i 

«f$tJHM3 'TJt <(N# CWllto UWtWI ««wl won 'w-qui ■viuHiiwIo J*.l («!)- 
I® Wlftai TOW I WOT ftlB WOT STOW KlfWll^l WWIWllMWr TO* WfrfW 

INt wrcui [Sat *vt (W wwt own wont 4rot inh wwor ftotftw ww, wttWfc wraw 

«¥ W«W’#r WirPlWTOI PWlCT OTI* WWt I CTW^OHfJOIt -ta'-taw th 6pf *Hbd »h 

wt (ftfiwfw wut <ui«w v*) '•mi wot t*H antm ws i toi wsS 



Sat>*.n(W 8* >*.t (W 


wrot Swom for* wfooi W i W^ eMicw fWft* «iww waft fta>» t^cw aw i 
>Vt 

Electric motor 


W aW, ^WW* WJtttSf TOO TOS ti=t w* ws WTOI Ifet i*.V (W WJ TO*T WOT 4*8 
^ W WWW Wit TOIt I OTW^^S A otw B «W 1WN TO! ftt* TOW Wt 

yH attftWI TOO •BtWBBI 'MHw^ W$*. Bwftw I ^*Ki4 C » WiStTOR ftt* S&W 
aw. B ce w*ll> %stt ftt* Waca i att toi W*8 afya ^Sw «lfWt ftw a»w i Sat . >*.v («t) «w 
awt wait wh W4"M twnwwt uBtif’BttwCT'wttan wrcaw i w* aft erot aw i ^*iSt* 
^rpih aw* wo wwn wtidfss wro aWt tWww awo* wiai aS wra wt fit®* aWS 
wantwaaiw<fc(Sai i^.offl't) i aa dtaj-f Mm aMtatPwtwwa^fjatw (aatwt.it 

OBCWlf 

ft#* WaS Wrt '!,« <W Wt at* wriwa w 
cwcat W|*. awf%w TO'Hi w ^ ijfa afia wjtwa waca wcwa aiwa aaa*pata 
3!C8taWttf TO! «t*u tyfoM^W® WIWI «®Im yii *iR«» nw aWW I 



*08 

1 1 i#I cantuE* : 15ft cwlalls rloft'® f^*rts aia aia « «tI<bH$I a-l t.4 f%cj) wltalaat 'aat 

afca : law iwlt ^*aa atcw i iwcaa ^<wft witw waft atR 
Wtata ■’lit.'as <5*151 waft 'Stcaa 'nla»<pla ajS^t (fto[ AB) sflW I at5T 
Wtala ai'sltca ■"iliXota aw I vl'.bM'.'' 5,^c.*s ^ Waia^t 
*ttw aif**®'* Satta aagf&w ajitcat aa i wtaasaqa ^flta ^ at"® 

Tjtf© fta fitt wa wtwa<^ aw: fta ©t ^it4oi«w jwt ww 
aataaajrc® arai '3tf© ^a PI?'* gta wwatca ^ttaa awt a® caa 
awt aaa «ii^»ta spa® atta 'j’R Safift i$li>t<p »rf aca atca 1 ®ta 
^©awicst atta^a caw-Ra^s atwi 

ariaaift : aaa siitfwialEw tptcat as wi wictfcw ajs^ cbl*aa>cwcwa a'raai’gatw caa a>ca waa 
's>ll»'»ttl~q<p alc*n*la R«»ilvilSl ^fe^lc's wlwoh* a% ■alW a® I ajb^la weals ^ca* awi alR«C 
'oP} , >d<ii«s w%^We wawta , #af®'5 aa 1 waa ^s^Mta ■$ sip's aflN^la atca awaa a^to 
'sl^swic® ©sa1% aa 1 wiftft 'slfyastatwa ala aaia® cSl'wwcwa awl e i^taa cacia 
©aa a*ca 1 w®ica ait*wa> ali cara a^ia^o aaia ©aag aa 1 

it.© Sfw^fij 

Transformer 

ca awwa aiatcaj ©w fosai* ft)j ft®ca at ’rtla^s ft)| Roac* ©^ (Wa ^ap'slit® aat ala 
'®ita Swatfta acni 'si^wiBlwa' wtcacaa ©aa 1©% ^ca at a*® £<sft awt aai wt aw® w?ft 
'sffeasaia aQa'oa ^arawar <es>^1c® aiR<l> 'ol&K>w<f af^F at^^ataaiaa awtaa 1 Bta^sfw 
wtaiaw^taaacaaaai aat- 

> . ”iltsl8 at cfta Wtt JfWtfls (Step op transformer) : ca Jh<p4ls WW Rww wft® ^f©a 

aatawafiw 1t®caa wa ®f©«statca tat"®S® wnt ana wicaift at cfta wia Jwrfia aw 1 
a. Wat3tt§ at C^ta ai©a SWftJta (Step down transformer) : ca Jh*4ls wftat ft«™ wa 
wl^wiaw aw R»c<a aaita tawfi's ata aw wauitl at c>©a *!>l®a Jiatp^n aca 1 

Ih^^lwa a&a e •ai^atiPi : la^fSaastpnatawtaspwa'swftaTwtacaaataai waaspaaltaShs'^t 
aijc® ’=i"»3l's iata cafSia Swwtfta Jsftt ^at aa Ifet ia.ia) 1 wltraffla awfia itw afip 
a^w^s aaiaatf^®aaniw^ataa, <swytia^acai waa ca 1>#® alp atiia-^e f%sa 
wifaat aa 'stca c*ftw aw 1 wicattt at catawta JiatfSficaa ■yc csta c*It*t ^s%® ^tcaa 
awaa«tcaPtatwi aawi? at (.■^a»i©*i Sh«t4i«i ■yu ^>^1* ®ca 'oi«™ aiw atair aw 

atcai 



ft® : ii.ll 




*08 

1 1 i#I cantuE* : 15ft cwlalls rloft'® f^*rts aia aia « «tI<bH$I a-l t.4 f%cj) wltalaat 'aat 

afca : law iwlt ^*aa atcw i iwcaa ^<wft witw waft atR 
Wtata ■’lit.'as <5*151 waft 'Stcaa 'nla»<pla ajS^t (fto[ AB) sflW I at5T 
Wtala ai'sltca ■"iliXota aw I vl'.bM'.'' 5,^c.*s ^ Waia^t 
*ttw aif**®'* Satta aagf&w ajitcat aa i wtaasaqa ^flta ^ at"® 

Tjtf© fta fitt wa wtwa<^ aw: fta ©t ^it4oi«w jwt ww 
aataaajrc® arai '3tf© ^a PI?'* gta wwatca ^ttaa awt a® caa 
awt aaa «ii^»ta spa® atta 'j’R Safift i$li>t<p »rf aca atca 1 ®ta 
^©awicst atta^a caw-Ra^s atwi 

ariaaift : aaa siitfwialEw tptcat as wi wictfcw ajs^ cbl*aa>cwcwa a'raai’gatw caa a>ca waa 
's>ll»'»ttl~q<p alc*n*la R«»ilvilSl ^fe^lc's wlwoh* a% ■alW a® I ajb^la weals ^ca* awi alR«C 
'oP} , >d<ii«s w%^We wawta , #af®'5 aa 1 waa ^s^Mta ■$ sip's aflN^la atca awaa a^to 
'sl^swic® ©sa1% aa 1 wiftft 'slfyastatwa ala aaia® cSl'wwcwa awl e i^taa cacia 
©aa a*ca 1 w®ica ait*wa> ali cara a^ia^o aaia ©aag aa 1 

it.© Sfw^fij 

Transformer 

ca awwa aiatcaj ©w fosai* ft)j ft®ca at ’rtla^s ft)| Roac* ©^ (Wa ^ap'slit® aat ala 
'®ita Swatfta acni 'si^wiBlwa' wtcacaa ©aa 1©% ^ca at a*® £<sft awt aai wt aw® w?ft 
'sffeasaia aQa'oa ^arawar <es>^1c® aiR<l> 'ol&K>w<f af^F at^^ataaiaa awtaa 1 Bta^sfw 
wtaiaw^taaacaaaai aat- 

> . ”iltsl8 at cfta Wtt JfWtfls (Step op transformer) : ca Jh<p4ls WW Rww wft® ^f©a 

aatawafiw 1t®caa wa ®f©«statca tat"®S® wnt ana wicaift at cfta wia Jwrfia aw 1 
a. Wat3tt§ at C^ta ai©a SWftJta (Step down transformer) : ca Jh*4ls wftat ft«™ wa 
wl^wiaw aw R»c<a aaita tawfi's ata aw wauitl at c>©a *!>l®a Jiatp^n aca 1 

Ih^^lwa a&a e •ai^atiPi : la^fSaastpnatawtaspwa'swftaTwtacaaataai waaspaaltaShs'^t 
aijc® ’=i"»3l's iata cafSia Swwtfta Jsftt ^at aa Ifet ia.ia) 1 wltraffla awfia itw afip 
a^w^s aaiaatf^®aaniw^ataa, <swytia^acai waa ca 1>#® alp atiia-^e f%sa 
wifaat aa 'stca c*ftw aw 1 wicattt at catawta JiatfSficaa ■yc csta c*It*t ^s%® ^tcaa 
awaa«tcaPtatwi aawi? at (.■^a»i©*i Sh«t4i«i ■yu ^>^1* ®ca 'oi«™ aiw atair aw 

atcai 



ft® : ii.ll 





fas : (so Swrfis faai : w fajjsffi 5t*wfas 


W ^S wMI Shvets rip ^<|J «j3>Sj|o» E p i^la^o s®W ^3JIS Wt iS$ •jjb^li,'® I p 

StSK ’IMS! CW I HSR JMrlfSw ^ES cfl *W SHHNI fasffg ^SI ^f ^*tj i« ui<pfi> ailRi 
OBI^SBf 'SI 1% W I Cbl**fS> Tift C^IWt Wt ^IT ^5 WlSffl PfM 3f% 

«ICTe <s^ <ncs , lt ■’lass I ^tT C*M ^ji^k'se ce1c%«r 'St 'oIbcI'kp '"1% •qlRi '5WI t*IM 
^J5%I *tt^ ^WJt n, <SS* C»B*f ^S#t® «ilRi <.»lc5e? '®I^toH<f »|% E, W ^*IJ « C*fW ^J5%[ 
c»i j5*t o sibs *irwfira Jf"i4 w. 


3W3 n a > rip W( Jwpfaafa 'alcslD ^ pfaWM St*W% n,< n p W Sft^Sfa '"ws® "St 

c’t'telfaf JfWVSlW I C<HMl *»Mfl TW ^ ^Sw U»tl *W*I »5WI C*W fS%4 JWMflft VA I 

>{*sfc, ^’tr <j4>^ls esifUsi x = c»TW ^»s%i iwicfas* x rfK^s%t^f$^sRR: 


i9S ^ ui^ CS, PWFTt SWS^iW CT '5HSI c.'SMCt'W Ifo PT 'SlCJ STCK ^I!E® ’M'sls 

'•IlSaH ’PIW ^1 35 sIW l Jj'asKjihv^ls ralriw* e sMMt &S3|M^ ^ll"*S : SBt 1 
'js’jaw'® caaws sro sutsiD 'sr pShwi Jfw^h aia^ls ^st ^si fan wk^<» 

«l"«rlll4 OTH Qlfae, d>Rft-l«i, it'll* *t*£l» , faPRtS, R>P|R, 5 c.'1<p!E<p i'sjlRi'a >=i<iistl) 
l^HwlSl Sl»i<pSlls ami* ^St I 

•Itf'tffaP SitefiH ■■ H*J I l! Wfl> Sh<r4liss ^<IT ^*S%® roli-tat 10V ^ SRR 6A I C*M ^b?ls 

WlySet 20V5PI, rilH sWfcfa^T^ I 

«nsRiiwfa ■ snttw, 

E? = h_ yn w i ^w , e. = iok 

£. I. 

C<iW^S%CBn?Bsf, E, =20K 

*t -h_ - 10Vx6A -ia 

’ s E p r 20V iA I p =6A 

faSS:3y4 PM^|S%!1SR, 1, =? 



*1l1*lt&4 t 1^.4 1 jjh<fSlltsa •tW’TCW 50, C8lw« 210V i iSS diW^JS%t 

’W’lWitioowicBn^w^ ? 


^tj’p5%3f$3i«jt n F = 50 
esters, £ ? = 210V 
diW 3TO 5W0t, n s = 100 
dfct <g4>flls wlt-uw, E s = ? 


'tlf'tfe? S'fRSH : 5^.w I Jh<f^l(.ss ^0 <g4>^l<l <W 1 8 ^ diH ’W ’Wit 90, 
^tl ®f$<l SRR 7A 5W dw SRt5 >P® ? 


■ylT Tt® ?Wlt tip = 1 8 
■5*11 ®f$«SR1SJ^=7A 


:.I s =-xlA=-A = \.‘ 


dJM <W ’Wit, n s =9( 

diH ®j®<!SHt5 / s =? 


?. ajMlnSl 35 

S«t.sa 3K*t fS? (V ) IS? ’Its 

5 1 c®fwi ffiitna ®*h ^sSt® ®ts dlfSra ’tf’Hnrs 7®fa ?tst ®rc® ®f^5asn? wrw cSt’w^cast #1 

(?) o ^*1 (s|) 3^3® e iliifil 

(3) ’PS ’# 5 ® e (3) V^® ftf? *t%“t# 



^1 l ^lc.<J"lc < p <usals W! ? 

Pp)5hIW>* 0*0 catea 

<®l) 'anFsalais (a) Swvtfw 

a i wh a&at at atfataia Saag aa - 

(i) Wttat ®la<{,'fe^)a few MIWI i*a-t* t^ta •aa’ata ataia 

(ii) caw cst’aarc’rot ta>M «is<8«^t ^atm 

(iii) caatat f»ia ®iaajsfta &isft(.<p caacat paa* aatta 
[*)u>a ca>Hfi> af£a*? 

TO i <D ii 

(•St) i « ii (a) ii « iii 


ca*rcat ®ia 5 ?®fta 1 %®a <aasfi> a* ^^aa* *ihiia« 5 i a*at aw i arc® ®taajs%® csn^s 
«iiR4 caifvet a“t«a>ft Racas €aa f^Sa a 5 ® i aiaia Rwa sat a*aa at^a wata ats i 
s i *a 4 arcaHa caarct aiiR4 ooidsat c$Hfi>a ©aa R>£a a><.s ? 

(i) ®ia^s%r arca ®T»a^wc!ia ataar 

(ii) cSPa^tarcat atarca'sat w ®iaajs^)a rcata 

(iii) cff*aarcarcat , wHiW3aia ! ai , sia^s%i3j% 
tat&s tattallb afS*p? 

Mi w a 

(»l)i«ii Pt) is iii 

41 ®ta<{*>*i)a aicaat aaajt atotta »iiRa> ®%«aaiwa #t a5ta? 

(as)®f$«aaRa>warca (at) ®f^iata cat? area 

(a) ®f^«aaiwa aia’piaca (a) ®^aaaitaa ala aata aca 



"t. 83 

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<t. ’iwwaa 

i i 'sf^'SHiiyi r 

41 Wfi&5§^^W^CTf <9$lJ«IXS^3t'X>IOT»irc’1f 
©I cXHuits to'ilcfltrt ^at ! 

si cwicst* « «ii>His wo n^j ^ f 

XI 'Q JjHvtflx Xlsl ^ <i>M <psl ? 

fei 'siPI's^ffs amj 5Hs Pw i 

II t<NMI 240V .lift $<3PfS JfCT ^ «ITC4 l «S e PTH-p^S «l» WII W^CT 1000 

e 50 1 >33 ’TM^^la ralftw ^5? 



MODERN PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS 



[ f^t -m^s writ 1 ® wisR>!*i ^ ^ 

sulM^a | &5 HMiHn *lf$s MjPlb « fa 1^3 ^KJTil ^ 

^16 atiiiaw m ’tc? i <s Hft v«n 5R* =OT Wrfcw wj fes iot »•)»«« wi BWat wit « 

mHIwIpI* ilihww <mrlll4 WH « <u<Rl«i W ^5 1 -htfRaili Ml“t * 11 ® I <5$ 

vfflnt ^urar wwfS»*®i, iwBwmhi « sPt, >!Rt «R»H, ^tMi® « J wl*w 

iwsljfiw fwsfci , ’sifesWH, ^B*, aft's, iBfflo-H, CTW.vjI^mPB, Wracit e $i»i$*i tea '•ilHoil 


<a ^<om , iti rtw Bfrat- 
j. ^jftit ^at® 'W 

»ih»fi, ftfct s ‘II'imRm W"i4> arrot •wit® •ttsa 

«. wwiifisi <43 fsw *IBR 1 

8. SRW S ftfttGM ^OTSfiftwiS ’tl^^J -MW ®H3TC I 

t. ^ifiWD « iwF'W ^TMJt WT® *tt?R I 

■!*. h « ^l<plws <pl<s>»i arttlt ts» I 

8. Milo's mHIwH Sfl^ Mfe'is Ms>ws ^IFi «uH)l •wi.'a ®tlaai 

v. ?^)lsii5 •flat? i*Rt,is *iklwj wWlwW d&*l arttlt <mto *ffsr^ 1 

i. WtJ « PIWICTM H’lfiW'5 'ftelW 'SfflCTB SWIG'S 'Sf «» 

>0 . ®«IJ « mMImM 3?% l®»M <g Mi’ra <iml«i ftw 3Sat '^'iJiis -'IUjsi 


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Radioactivity 

<p 9|8 R«sl^l £53?t 533533 (Henry Becquerel) 3ta 5335® 315 PI, rSwRjIW 51:33 RS&ilM 
5353 33®8.>-<{)&®l53 R533 w3i-l(«- , i RR>43 «|R9® 55 I MW 3153t 33 3535, PI Pi! 5 ! 

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35®8*<f£ « «l(33W 5531 <938.3“l46lt3 3f%f55^ta5| 5133^$ e-^IWl «tlRj<> 3813 5353 tat, ®13, 
fta?5 e 5f>ta3 53® lilt 3ftl3 ft<ia3 3*1 335® 31 .JPl^ftl 3515® *1113 31 I 343:83153 31513 
(Madame Marie Curie, 1867-1934) « $13 3 3lSt ftutd ={fa (Pierre Curie, 1859-1906) ®3t 555 
3531 33 3533 I $131 5535® 313 PI, csf»sl»i , S3talRt313, C3l[siil*f, ■3j|3fi>fisl*l, Sf|% ®lfSt 531533 
53533 ®3t 55553 RR>«3 f3<f® 53 I ®t RR>s3 ®33 tumfiwi 3f*J (Radioactive rays) 
3153 5(3(0® I 535551 CTl®I 5353 obwRsmi 3551 31 slPfl ft<(3533 353t53 i®wRs>s®l (Radioactivity) 
3PI I 53®f(*3t1 5$3 31331, R(51 « 5151 5155 f®3 53553 “Ifij3l8 3ftl 15*(93 353 I 353 ®3l 585® 353151 
3>J«S £5ta 53t K 5&® 55 I 5355 53^313 51^. 5®3f^F3 ®t®533 355 5153 5153 *l(S4t$8 555 ’flt515 
3®3®55 I 53®tR43l®l 31351533 351 55 >933 333513 33t 55 '513 515 5335331 

io.t 3I33I '^'tt, 'fiftt ' 3 ‘tt « ttw ®PlRt Z<lMj 

Properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays 
31331351 : 31331 33t 5531 i93f5 RRsh RSI^h I t93 ft®f5F3I53 35555 a$(5 ®l53 3 5tf5 R£S*t I 
31331 3313 OT53 T5'o| 35, 6 cm 3I®13 OT5 3d 535® 3153 5t I ®t 333 col *53 8 ®l%5 53® 5131 
Sf8lft® 55 I lilt 331 '83 3155155 ^RS 335® 3153 ifl33 '5131®I3 3#33 O 1^35353 1 i93 ®3 
5lt551535 335135 513 3,3 >93531313 3.2X10 ,9 C I 350tellR»«P ftal, spliEvs? 50*4l4, ^431® ®l®s3ta5 
35"®3 5151553 >93 $3fcl1's 331 515 I ®t 331 3133tt® 3*fl3 atef5I 353 I >93 533 

315313 53533 3®33l io®I3l 

ftSl 331: 331 351813 31313^ ®38. 56ta3 0 ®1^<C 53® 4l3t 3553 53ft Rifts*® 55 I >93 a)® 

315313 a?®3 3®331 (to ®13 ®53 3®33l ®I3 5*1*® 55® 3153 I ®3 ®3 t533jj533 5515 3^15 

9.1 1 X 10‘ 31 kg I 3d>ffllf33 tal 8 31$® 56*313 ft53 >93 $5ftlf® f5^3 331 313 1 >9$ 331 8f$881 
*|f$ 335® 31dl i93 5555 35®1 3153t 3313 6S53 53ft I ®3 3f® 3 mm 35 ^JlaplftsW 31® 5131 
3lRc9 55Q31 513 1 Rf5l 331 3355 553$ 3135135 ^f$ 335® 3153 1 

3W 3ftl; ®t 3ft[ ®1515 ft3533 I ®3ft ®lf^®53t*53 ®3®1 1 ^ ®33| ?3^1lftft$ I <93 531551 ®3 
55t I -9? 3ft ®1%5 O (£1*33 53® 5131 R^i® 53 5t I :93 aft 315313 5515 3^13 3 X 10 8 m s’ 1 I®? 
3ftl3 5555 35®1 ^553 55ftl ®f6 553 3*533 C^PCRlils ^'8513 31® <JS3 3d 555® 31d I a^3 
3135355 ^5®I 5*3^5530 ®t 3ftl af®a®I 335® 31d I ^cotellR 1 ^ ftal, 3$® 53*313 o 3tt3!3 
5313 3I®$13 ftd ®3®3fttftft 4 i333I513 I 



v Hll^[^edh 


i «.« C'ser^S'S) C$1 l*M 

Half life of a radioactive element 

>a®IB (.wstfism cijlWfl C®H aaat^fB ®aa wlt«5 att 151 mlaat fl55 atfa at I 'WHII 

ffH aata mnai'® 5ta '®t mlaal Raia ®ca caa ®at® at© i aaatda ma Rtasata ®at 4® dm aaaid 
Rmmi amt as i ca aattr c®ttai c®®Ram aatt^a caiB aaat‘ja R® ®tf® aRvia maat*® as ®tt® ^ 
aattfa ®ftt( aw i ®aiaaam<w aat aw, c®ttat calw trooooo IB c®®R®a aaaid mlta i ^aa ®tf® 
®ftt 800000 IB aaaid, ma ata c®ttat a®a calw fat*®R® at® ca aaa aiw ®tt® ■if amenta 
aw t aaa^ ®<tga aa iat® «Mf*t® ai®ta aooooolB aaat^i ®ia ia®fB ®<ga aa i£$ aaatda awn 
ittoica ioooooiBt®, jmttaaat® at®ta 1 

iaaiw ®®IB aanaata Raa ®t® ®ta c®ta aaatdjB ®aa csss atta ®t c®B aat® atta at 1 

J«.8 c®ett*spa®la amis 

Uses of radioactivity 

c®®f53m®m a?n ajaaia awca IBfaam Reaca, jRtmcia « Rat ®iaatatt®i fBRtai Rwca Rtaa 
®ta hjiimwj amaaia sat Ratsta c®®Rtm®ta ataata ®t® aja asR® 1 csai®t Rfeg caw caaa 
RnsRa aw® , ai?at«c®a aaait Rnfta fsRmst Renta c®®R®a wtemtBta caef^a diaia (tracer) 
at am*t® at wwia® ftwta ajaa® aa 1 ^Rtmtai Rtaa ®ta B3® ®tt®a ft® J®R « sttaa ®at 
aeat®% Rwa aawa ata Btamwa ataaaia <®®R?a ijara aaa®ta atw ata?® atmi Pm 
®taatatc®e c®®fi®«®t attaamtta ata?,® atm 1 amnaift #at^s^ mat®, ®ta®®w ®Wt®a 
Ramata, wtdtaa c^taia BaRnR Rnfta, ai®a attain atafea c®®fem®t am?® atm 1 aR® amWt 
R%3 at®a aRaia Rnftae iaa ataala ataeai laaaRs caw R*ftaa ant®® c®®fem awtaa aaa®ta 
atw ant® imimi atm 1 

®Hns afBa ^#iBt ® awa atwanta® amt® wat atai uaa anaa awt t®®R®a catRatwa atw 
atawt® RRta a1®a ■$tBi •e awta awa caeat aa mw inat wwanta ®a®a a's 1 am am 
a®caa twtwt f^Rtaa aaa at mta PPfcs c®®f^m®t aia^ia amt aa 1 
ia.ff c®®(as>a®l a •Wt®' a»®a®l 
A warness of radioactivity 

c®®fmm®t wiattaa ata® Baanta atta Rs"® in wt® atat®w Raao aBt® atta 1 B® atana c®®fmm 
RRma ataatata mat ama aaatta 'jSs ®ta 1 ^ RRma cat® #aaait% ®twaia ® atta 1 fR Ra 
ataiRifs® cwwfia>s RRmtaa awtrf ai®w alataa sw aRwta ma®t sft am 1 aiaa ataR® 





le.te ttmjRlw 

Development of electronics 

®£®W yi ®5SI HtnafiR w* ®a I Otto, d!W#“M, C®R, ®JW, ®5tCWt, ®f$ ivsjlfi a®*l 

14'sH'i twdjfiww a®®*® i wl^lN It#®, to*t® *fi!PBI OTPI « H*R5W ®®J to ®toa®ttW 
topata wit to®fcto i #c*t«tRca* W4 ®h am ■wt* ®wis« c®Pt ^nwti 4t*ivJiAtsw s^s 
®ar® svw jiot niton dal mlR^waw wu to i Mto®®®®mf$t®tifcto®iw®ilto®wt 
uwflf ftto ®m® a® to® i ®w ®tto ®to totcwts a®i«!® at*® ®ts ■jirj ®iito i 4 

m^tnja tHta wto totarta ^nw ®®tt eit Ppt®nt ^to® toa®i wa wat® at®tonrp# 
meat® cats® wt vit'«(v to® ca«®l wal^ tow w ton < 9 ^t rnfito®!® wnto^ 
efitomtomto® toi®%mJWwrmfi «i1Wi nWii <a®tc® <aa, we®, to® fa*iii«r# 
«i® to^ mfn® aarst® csiSa to® ®mt, ^mstt <« ®t®t® maw® 1 eft mara® wi A 
«wwc® to$a ®a ®t® ®€to« c®rhi mf^a®!® ate® ®ti att# istow tot ®tc® afilto 1 ’(to 
aatftotfi aFto4to® torn® ®Wt altos wt wi^sw ft®® aito®m ®sh i *at1BS® a®ft®mt® 
®t ^-hRvm-v toac® ®mt ®a tom to afih® ®1^a aarnc® (mPo <«®'jR a®mw (f%Pt 
atofto®ati Mlt# HewJsRtwt ®i®a mat lams* vv<to orf#«t mat ftcWsum <p antwatot^ 
It#® pt ®®t® ®m 1 <aw ijjBfD #ta®c 5 w to ®tn emat® »lwi» 1 

■as ^ ®ss as anatots at ®w»t Jiuw am® mis ■aaffi wt^sl® it#® atoats ®ot® 1 lawtoft 
toadimtoto ■im'awawiiwStratsi at# wu ®jimn> « ®jksn» ttn^! ^toi «w!t Hw4N>to ®m 
at® pwsfsstoi to ®jm» ®iWiw ®i$®w® Pm-tri ®at 1 <s#t Rw** <® Siwte ajftvisbi 
torc®®w®sra aiot 1 ^BBkc®iaic®nrti crow ton® S i am »gpn<^totaH®®wi 



teraiTs « Stones* to 

MW e Stan® «wom ®t®Ht ®ta® ®? wsts ftfeg #«®Sto tote® mm® ®se® ®®®ji «at 
cas 1 am mat ato ®ts t®ft, Mftstost®iai«f®® <g®t etc® tot stats sRiatoto^itoaapwt 
®i®t mcsnh 1 tomtot to xBt to® toiw <®tPtt ®<aR®fl toto ^sfeaa 1 *st®to® tot p-n 



WW 'oilR'rls ■'rai I aa Aft ’■tStal PiSIrls *ia ®Bt n- p-n Siaftpta '=hR«i*ki -rare 
aa I JhlVt* , a)lP?l<j*!«ls] al R<iR> R-’ilt.s a*W < pst'« *11t3 I 
®WW*|WT 'S’KHi.v aWft aa*W ^hlsvslci aUPIWR vsc® aaail W*H W3I wlcnl i.N’Ii.-il 

WCS aia® a® at l ®1$ ^|Rwp® aa aifa® atf% at nl^Pi I ■aftPi aWT RRwts IWt ^ifslslSl 

<5J<Jal* a*ta t®Ht aW awtt PCH 31 W ^I*Il*ts aKgWa aaH *fl«HllJ ”W 

aaflt!® <I1WI IVho ail® a® aR'aHCsW *(3 C*IW? "=ii?.Pi 1t*1ta® l&'SrrtiC'i RS® atw 

®TWI 

iw.i <jrW a (iRtth ^c-v^SR-w 

Analogue and digital electronics 

jhw »nw® : caaa ^rtF^tH ■aft fts<Ajf*ic<i v iS<iR5'e aa ®tws aai aa <aai»rt i ta, attat, ww® 
o to*h an wk*ii RfW> aftacaa awr cawitat aw aw *ttot i <s*ti*w tara ftaafaa®tca (SR'S a® i 
ctftwH , cafit®, HR i i ,j ai>ia ® iwi Itft awst® aiaia® c®ti at tara etatu® atwi 
a®ait ■saw a*w® ®e»n R®sfcg«tw tRa^t^t ostcta at Warvi osiet* ai iiCft*5 
^taR-roiw tlHaR® aa aiat.R’j'sa caw wiwt aiw® awj cawicti ait tat isc® *11011 <a*iw»l 
*s;w a tact m(Si$a®9wti ifis® ® Rffe® colrfs^atat <at1*ittTwws®t1tst 1 

/wv\ ruinjirui 


nw® : ttatstaiw RtW wilts tact 1 RfStSit wilt >aeaca ’ISlirt’ at amt wift 
caw 1 Rfatw ttw® ate® cat cawictM atw® caiana tr T.if^ aia ast me® trail «oai 
fulfil® alia tfisfifa ac® ties aw a ww panics ©at ala 1 3 aiwiis ai5aifi wi® «tfit 0 a 
s aa aiaiai Rea cswictt ®*tr, amt, aia, Rett ttw® $®jR mwmi aat S0® aa 1 aftatw® 
arWla it' iwtla ala > aat aw' aa*tla ala 0 1 


A/ N -«-_rLn 


iRitti® cawitat ttre (cati) a?w*t, adnnaaM aat csrh ^qi aiw ftWa c®tr Rcata 1 caiwa 
aaaroar aai*p| cttliw RRttia aatfSIWH catiw aama catia ^ai"a(3® aan aia 1 awwaf^c® 
a^aaqBtaRa®^oiaaa wa, aia Rffcfiw a(®c® aw Wit *w*ia at?oi aliaRS® ata aaa era 1 



■atHtn fltWH twee® t '1'lR‘ll 

■BtFit o fiWfim ttivcrai esc wiwilfc fe*su vt fatll! Rbb fta Rrar ran bib i wi "«««* 

flttWBIt, sf&tl IPltWtB *KT SKUHl^l* tltBltl « tW Bf BIB I 


tftv Tpre? ww cSfltMj ran fiftfiFi Stga i vftt'jBpaft bpi ihhb ■'Kirarai •t*H %a 
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■TO! tHNv SctoSii* ttffi^PtVatT VMJ v«ek* Mb’! vac® tIS! I 


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tlftu tlftw ttictfl ticu stist va i 



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5ia!« vf^varav va vtk vial® Rv tfiR® vf^jstw (kPo a uwsR vf^atia (ISPi) 

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PHYSICS TO SAVE LIFE 



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Background of bio-physics 

stRaaRRata wn isaa Rwa at Ratcaa «ni-psjpn atata S'® RR a>ea aRf&w 4 c«« i 
#aaaRR®tea 'SlaR®ici« wicai <w*nw ®taiacaa aiat esl'sR«icas « a^aR ataais ^at 55 1 
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ca aa aiRRa* Raa iw aea catjwt acat aaRR®teaa 'ateat&T Raa 1 3 KRa iwffi aiaat RwRlsi 
cataa to <seaeaa ca iwiw Raa •e cwRactcsa Raa «natai 1 R"? osRR«w « #aR®teaa 
aaaRa R^a Rea <st ^ 'atar® Rg ’jwtia aeaj Ra atoat caea 1 flaw ait 4 R«»ii « #aR®sta 
R55 Raa Reaea Rmia ai® ^eaea 1 Raaeaa ^staRa aar Rea «sR ^ Raeaa aeaj aia^tfam 
a“i 4 a aaraa ^eaa* 3 jPa cacaest 1 «itea aea aait acat aiR^a® R^ <sa> Raea aea >aai w? aate% 
cto ’ d esi'iR&siwa Raa^wt searo 1 R"^ , ataai <saa | sR aiReaaw tow Ra> caw ae* 3 ia 

aesw^HrasataTa isaa aiRcacaa tow answer c®R Raa atatajffltaRit aaai a *5® aaRRasteaa 

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aaai »a 1 t>ttBTRaaRR®eaaRR 1 

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asit ara 1 #R *aa<. aariRwa ajaata ®ea #aeaa awiRa aaai «i^»na « RR^ aiRt Resaeaa 

aiajea <aa aitea acaa aana aR-ifil ataia acat #taaaRR®ia 1 #aaaRR®P aeat #aR«ta >sa« 
aaWtRateaa aear ca^-ra ^aia 1 
J8.* ei’l^ib'Si «MHh 

Contributions of Jagadish Chandra Bose 
«asrf aria sRR'tsea d Rph ^awtea laarea aaa'i aaRRaaSl, «r)Rw #aR®iR 1 aweaa 
S^Wteaen RR? siaa ’alw^iRas ft^Raw R«s# 1 a^ ’ifialw* ®R Ran %i aw waia «i« 8 ^s 
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aa 1 ivvo atea R.>a ai*t ^aia aa ^ a^it RR Praia war aia 1 ^®ae® bh Prai #aa 
f^i swo-ivtr 8 ala *Ra» 1 & aaea RR <pjiRgw RtRailaa caw aaRR^iea ^aaRaa R.^a iaa^ 
a®a R^Ranaa caw R.>aaR. R® jpeaa 1 iwe atw RR eaResR a^eaw aaRR®ta Raea 
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WW suit? I R>fii( aW tSaaj( 'sstHa WWtaCca 1 

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R>fi5 aw csf^e mcwsem wi® msm miew 
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caemm alimc^ aha mftwmwwm mpg mca cw, 
cw wist at acwHiw mlwi mymmsrn ^twt am i 
aarntfatw ma^Ms'g m*i $f%a aits'sc^s ®as mw^wt 
aw ®3 Mwmj aiftwm top* i a^jcam mwr Sftom 
^Nsw£ mam wj 'cm*9Wp ’ «i mimm aibib®i aw ^Isiim Sfo? Rl%^ is^acsm 

afe m?t CW ®t S(,»rtiaMj i 

#satt$fsww 'Jm Sibtomi mwta meat, ®%t fMca Maw* afe w?t earn, as afitwias a^pl® 
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mpmCTaa ffjpfe Zmgjfom i 

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m^s awt mmm sH® asaia^l aw mm® acm mraem i ^ls 'Bawcatar amft sam mptt 

■Response in the Living and Non-Living’ l Shot atWS m« ca •ros’W art Slava ^jssa 

TOHI 



h8.« aHscam. mwmrnj 

Homan body and machine 

sMm® #Nchs acslstca amst alat wwa <pat amis ®ltt i cwh- mcBfeaM^a, a%mtcfer, 
cWP&aa, arts $%a , a^o^ma ^jiR i mHacamt® acac<? amffe a^a^ca a fate's to hic®h i 
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aloe's mca, apical rnmS ihw >aws meat aH*$ acscm i >s mlsca^ alaacam 

alaa^ aacscs wKa ac-itra aa^aj l 

alaacacms wa mcar sesem mwas, <ta<ca, ^ailfa l Saimaa Imcata wt mm, 

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few, ft.an.% 5 «j|R ^wiR awia ®w awiaRe *ifee aiRa® Rise's a# i It® 

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TO! 

i8. 8 caM fefa ■qje^'o <riirtlR> 

Instruments used for diagnosis of diseases 

ae toi (BfeweMH wtstla aife® fal®^ tor cto cam ftta toc®r to, ot a^aift ctaa o tot 
Rc®r i caaaa caw ■Wcaa tot et^fes TOspnfe eifero 5aft i ew sites wee Rf®s to! a®ic®ia 
alt® eawia cron ca® at i to?! cafila c®iwi RfWs ero $ aiana wi , it®n® tow, ®!s tor tor 
fear i froiwa aiat aifarotae® ®rc®t atftw caw fefcaa tot ewe aawaaTOaif^eife^sTOWi 
ia <i"in’!il«*iwia arena! ®ft®®tw wtafepn to a®a recaw i aft® aronfe refe ftfeawre ac® 
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cawroro® ewe apiTOtca feia TOC's! i to!W! ewa> to caw, to aaia etaa 
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X-ray 

issca aw! to aawa ®if^®wT , aas Rfem i TOcaa ®aro Zaa5 araiaa eiwia ®aTOZacf!a csw 
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Ultrasonography 

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<n natelfa* <nait aHttt* i a^ftfttjts oft ■s^lt jps, R<t>h ottft&CTMj 
ctH*ii ttfctwtWft*' -hwmj «wsff ffifcta ovt 
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CT Scan 

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t’tfia aftffl I CT dftala CTtttt (talQtv CTtCTT atPl (Slice) tl atfflt Ralft^ flftftCT 
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CTtlW iJliii weuH. tvMI QitlQi4 tiW titaw, CttlGt ftft ®Bt*r warTOi 




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afSrf^i TO aai <q <pP"Wt>ts s)<wi<a» aiajta a”t^ to aai ■ysiTO aw ■^na aaa 
ftfSrow a"ai , wta TO^flwl at <wbi % alfa iftisa a*tj ftot astfTOi w laTOTOaaaa 
sn%r ww 1 j*pBi aTOs m %if& toi i wi iwrata ^Rta ftttp*ojlwa ftar tow 
dtatft'yo 1 Ptlt^jH aW3t sj'iye iflTOT fttiSpSalta aRtJCTJ <J1%I m«J Rftfl utt^s ’fS ’l® 
to aas TOaw i 1itM« atat astjffs BlSt <pP^5'eiuj csaa TOas i af^iSSta *ra ’■ iSIms catwt 
wh ■QpnQwaft *6 =i to <w *Wfa ft’rar^H i 



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aftt i a^w, ta^a iaat ajfHuia anwa TOa 0twr ftflSroin awe# aa i ftftrolma aftiftw 
fSftaaro 1 ftSata ItSaluw wn, arcwta >ro. fl>$atsflJ apja^f wj aftnH 

al#l"i tow ’st ft<tawe awaj to i atata ftlSrolwa awicaj vft«*w taro wtwt aswa 
s«it», aafa ^at w flSSataa Safttft aHt4 wtt ant i PilWjtcis aiat as awiw aaatt atw 
ftatats aftat ala i aiataaa *rfa'S) aftaicna ftft ’rot aStatTOasati ftftTOR aStro ■at?’ 
ata?®TO inaiWaPa ftftaw atM-ii ataw i 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 

utaaiaatt $tcaftf Magnetic Resonance imag in g <ita a^p^fti ■stnataaft aW3t HliHlJil 

®t^tTO «aat afto «a»t ajaala to afliaa cTOtt ■’'tnaa at awfir ft^a aftft^ »6a TO i 
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wraftitalfl 

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alf^waiPt at*i 1 




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4? awls 

Isotopes and its uses 

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aaws aataa araaia vita i 
(aO caw Miaa cvtg 
COtaiaftamtsaprar 


lifsll! 


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4. n?Mlt>R sR| 

aft® S'ecaa atctfl!® (V) flat's 
1 1 R«i 3 ) etfHtasj ®ja area c®R RasIS ar@® ? 

i) a^aPia af®&t 

ii) c®®mra caterer awaia 

iii) wre-'S'HI® «ilR*®ls 
Pit&s c®iafi>aft®? 

®) i a)i«ii 


a i X-ray fitei aresa afa ^a® caai areata ®tan- 

®l ai? x-ray mar «tt®ai a) atereaPt X-ray area aresai 

a) ®a®i Zafj »ica® caPt ajSs.uaaa^awppag 

<oi ^a afaiPia'fa at®® aftet ®aia a<iftw ara acai- 
4) kaftsstra a) ^aPrsaif® 

a) Sffiffi a) tftfe 

si ?a >Ncta ala® a^iaawi nlaain arenanairsaita? 

a 5 ) ®1^a arch's aar® area a) x-ray *aa atarea 

a) Wsj?t« cflw® oiydcas atarea a) *w ®a®t aiaaia area 





faja Tift 511 at® omv* I ®a 'alfls! WJ 1 ®fa ®l«lcas atta ala l tala iffaalPl W 5 B 
qrta af$a , aa*lia « aflara ®nara ^aj ®lta isafl; ’SItI arara *rara^ fataa i 'aKSlacateiiftra 
m«oc*i 1 W asttaa i 9 aa ^ ataita ®(®ra qa a-ic.^ aaS araat ’ll® ataa 1 
a) iw «ns'snt 19a 

«i) aHftradWtfwi <aali> Rftf «3 cal pis ^jacsa caa? 

* 1 ) -nHc,^ ^ta> ara^T ®!tt® 'al w ujlac.al2llf«ira 'qkaloal ara I 

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’f.’fWWa^ 

b 1 c®l®«raa « #asi 5 ta'#t Raw vta? 

a I «t]<rMl 4 R*»lvis ■^d'ii ^)®l<.<i atai 1 

o 1 aa$fa®ttaa ■faaa’Stat caa 'Sla«r , k®a catra atata arar ara ? 

8 1 v M1^Re8|ta sraaMvu 'aaah a*fat ara 1 
<t 1 #aaal^(^®rca a5ra «iaaw #t? 

4il ahwta attar attar ac-ma at®t ' B rlB*i c t ata ajttfl ara 1 

9 1 ataataa i 9 afi> traafar- <traatta anti's 1 

vi v m$R<mI(.is 5«ifi® a-istilw ■fl'&iia fifasrar cm 1 attra ana 1 

;> 1 aw ftfora war ara?® a® 3 tar frattfer ara fat 1 

bo 1 lirarerft ? Girt fafo e IBfiraai tatar ina araaraftt 1 

bb 1 anSwwwifo ^)«iw BRratitaui cart ftr% ata 1 

bai loararaat^ 19a trarta sn*® 3f®f^t*aa a^artrs 1 

b® 1 ?Pifei akitaj caw tata taw IMs arar ara? 

b 8 1 latowtaiPt aras ft ait® tiasi.® as? 

b« 1 BR^ait^c*! ta 1 %'sta<nf ? t cat araara arai aa ? 

b® l ^f 5 fD 19a tscas aPiRi tStal- a^ar ara 1 

ba 1 tala can cats lirafrasara aaraa? 

bn «n?ctic 5 M^t? Ufotaict-w •iffi'ft ait® to?
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